A&P

boundaries b/w diff environments

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, & sensory reception

upper free surface exposed to to the body exterior or cavity of sterna organs & may have microvilla/cilia

lower attached surface & acts as a filter thru diffusion also where cell migrate thru to repair wounds

yes

simple columnar & psedostratified columnar

yes

epithelial cells are exposed to friction & are rubbed off or damaged by hostile environments. They regenerate fast as long as they get nutrition

single layer of flattened cells w/ disc like nuclei & sparse cytoplasm; simplest of the epithelia

• simple squamous
• simple cuboidal
• simple columnar
• stratified squamous
• pseudostratified columnar

allows passage of materials by filtration & diffusion; secretes lubricant in serosae

kidney, air sacs in lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels,& lymphatic vessels; ventral body cavity

single layer of cubelike cells w/ large, spherical central nuclei

secretion & absorption

kindey tubules, duct of secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

single layer of tall cells w/ round nuclei, some bear cilia; layer may contain goblet cells

• nonciliated: lines most of digestive tract, gallbladder, & secretory ducts of glands
• ciliated: lines the branchi, uterine tubes, & some regions of the uterus

absortion; secretion of mucus& enzymes: ciliated type proples mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action

single layer of cells of differing height, some not reaching the free surface: nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells &bear cilia

• nonciliated: males sperm carrying ducts & ducts of large glands
• ciliated: lines the trachea, most of the upper respiratory tract

secretion of mostly mucus, propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

• nonkeratinized: forms the moist linings of esophagus, mouth, & vagina
• keratinized: forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

• thick membrane composed of several layers; basal cells are cuboidal &/ columnar & metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous), keratinized:surface cells are full of keratin & dead
• basal cells are active in mitosis & produce the cells of most superficial layers

simple columnar

one/more cells that make & secrete a particular product

• ex: More numerous than endocrine glands.Secrete products into ducts.Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
• endo:Ductless glands.Secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to target organs

• uni: mucus & goblet cells; simple glands have unbranched ducts
• multi: 2pts- ducts & secretory unit; compound glands have branched ducts

secrete their products onto body surfaces/ into body cavity by exocytosis (unicellular) or via an epithelium walled duct that transports the secretion to the epithelial surface (multi) ex: liver-secrete bile; pancreas-synthesises digestive enzymes

• produce hormones that they secret by exocytosis directly into extracellular space. from there they enter the blood/lymphatic fluid & travel to specific organs
• ex: thyroid gland

• 1. common origin-all CT arrive from embryonic tissue
• 2. degrees of vascularity-cartilage is avascular & dense CT is poorly vascularized
• 3. extracellular matrix-cells separate by nonliving extra cellular matrix( ground substance & fibers)

• GROUND SUBSTANCE-Substance through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and CT cells
• FIBERS- 3types:Collagen (white fibers)Strongest and most abundant type.Provides high tensile strength,elastic-Networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch.Reticular Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers
• CELLS-Mitotically active and secretory cells = “-blasts”Mature cells = “-cytes”

• loose ct:areolar, adipose, reticular
• dense ct: dense regular, dense irregular

gel-like marix w/ all 3 fibers: fibroblast, macrophages,mast cells, & some white blood cells

wraps & cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays role in inflammation; holds tissue fluid

widely distributed under epi of body;forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries

matrix as in areolar, but very sparse;closely packed adipocytes,fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

under skin in the hypodermis; around kidneys & eyeballs; w/in abdomen & in breast

provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; support & protects organs

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

lymphoid organs- lymph nodes, bone marrow, & spleen

fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, 7 macrophages

primarily parallel collegan fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

tendons, most ligamnets, aponeuroses

attache muscle to bones/to muscles; attaches bone to bone; w/stands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

fibrous capsules of organs & of joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract

able to w/stand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural support

• Fibroblasts in connective tissue proper
• Chondroblasts and chondrocytes in cartilage
• Osteoblasts and osteocytes in bone