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What center in the medulla controls inspiration?
DRG
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What center in the medulla controls expiration?
VRG
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How many breathing centers are in the medulla?
3
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How many breathing centers in the pons?
2
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For the Medullary DRG, what are its chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors?
- Chemoreceptors (for O2): CN IX, X
- Mechanoreceptors: CN X
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What nerve does the Medullary DRG utilize to set diaphragmatic breathing?
Phrenic
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What is the function of the pneumotaxic center and where is it located?
- function: inhibit medullary DRG inspiration
- Location: PONS
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When is the VRG active and why?
- During exercise
- **b/c expiration is normally passive
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What are the three nuclei in the VRG of the medulla? functions?
- Ambiguous: inspire/expire larynx
- Retroambiguous: inspire/expire main muscles
- Retrofacialis: inhibit DRG inspiration
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What is the function of the Apneusis and where is it located?
- Function: prolong inspiration, activate DRG phrenic nerve. Causes quick expiration as well.
- Location: PONS
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What is the function of the drug Ketamine?
activate Apneusis
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What do Central Chemoreceptors monitor?
CSF Hydrogen levels, pH, PCO2
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What are the two Peripheral Chemoreceptors?
Aortic and Carotid
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What do Peripheral Chemoreceptors monitor?
PO2, PCO2, arterial pH
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What is the difference b/t the aortic and carotid peripheral chemoreceptors?
Arterial pH only monitored by carotid receptors
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What is the only mechanoreceptor to decrease breathing?
1) Lung
2) Joint & Muscle
3) Irritant
4) Juxtacapillary (J)
1) Lung
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