Anatomy and Physiology 2 Exam 2

lowest arterial pressure during diastole (heart relaxation)

• Hemorrahaging
• Dehydration
• Edema

• Net hydrostatic pressure tends to push water and solutes out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid: NHP=CHP-IHP
• Net colloid osmotic pressure tends to pull water and solutes into a capillary from the interstitial fluid: NCOP=BCOP-ICOP
• NHP and NCOP oppose eacher and the larger force wins

Is the volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period.

Blood flow is equal to CO=HRxSV

From regions of high pressure to regions of lower pressure

The greater the pressure difference, the greater the blood flow

The higher the resistance, the smaller the blood flow

• The hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel
• Generated by the contraction of the ventricles
• Highest in Aorta and large systemic arteries

highest arterial pressure attained during systole (heart contraction. Lup

• Fibrous connective tissue
• Provide support and elasticity

• Smooth muscle fibers
• Elastic fibers that allow for extreme amounts of pressure
• Stretch and go back
• cause changes in blood vessel diameter

• Endothelium lining inside of blood vessel
• Connective tissue
• Touches the blood
• continuous with endocardium in heart

• Thicker tunica media
• more elastic fibers
• built to resist pressure
• always look circular

• contain valves
• tinner tunica media
• look flattened
• larger than arteries
• collect blood from all the tissues and organs and return it to the heart

Elastic (conducting) large vessels wihich transport large volumes of blood away from the heart

Muscular (distribution) transport blood to skeletal muscle and internal organs

Arterioles resistance vessels

• Most numerous and smallest vessels
• Exchange vessels

• function as an interconnected network
• exchange of materials

• regulate blood flow into capillary bed
• vasomotion-cyclic contraction and relaxation of sphincter
• flow is based on tissue need

interconnections between arteries and veins or ateries to arteries and veins to veins

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from blood into interstitial fluid and into cells

Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse from cells into interstitial fluid and into blood

Water is exchanged by osmosis

Venules-collect blood from capillary beds and are the smallest venous vessels

Medium-sized veins-range from 2-9mm

Large veins-include superior and inferior vena cava

BP in the venules and medium veins is so low that it cannot oppose gravity. Blood wants to pool in lower extremitites.

• pressure from aorta to arteroles (100-35mmHg)
• maintains blood flow through the capillary beds
• rises during ventricular systole and falls during ventricular diastole

pressure within capillary beds (35-18mm Hg)

the pressure within the venous system (18mmHg)

average blood pressure in arteries

MAP = DP+1/3(systolic BP-diastolic BP)

resistance of the cardiovascular system opposes the movent of blood

the result of friction between blood and walls of the blood vessels

• Total vessel length
• vessel diameter
• blood viscosity
• turbulence

The sum of all vascular resistance

Major function of arterioles is to control this by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

the resistance of the arterial system

for blood to flow the pressure gradient must be great enough to overcome this

Flow = P/R

• Increase in pressure = increase in flow
• Increase in resistance = decrese in flow

• Movement of substances from blood in the capillaries to interstitial space
• Assists in the transport of lipids and tissue proteins
• accelerates the distribution of nutrients
• carries toxins and other chemical stimuli to lymphoid tissues

• Movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
• rapid exchange of respiratory gases O2 and CO2

• pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from the blood capillaries into interstitial fluid
• circulatory system will push material out to the tissues

• pressure-driven movent from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries
• pushes material into bloodstream

Blood hydrosatic pressure (CHP)

Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)

• the balance between CHP and BCOP
• which one is bigger determines which one moves

NFP=CHP-BCOP

• blood volume and pressure drops
• CHP lowers NFP fluid moves from tissues into blood
• known as recall of fluids

plasma volume decreases, increases BCOP fluid is recalled from tissues

• abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid and one happens
• CHP rises-increases in arterial, venous, or total circulatory pressure
• BCOP declines-capillary damage, starvation

Venous pressure determines venous return which has an impact on CO

• the contractions of skeletal muscles near a vein compress it
• Fainting or syncope

• as inhale your thoracic cavity expands and pressure within the pleural cavity decreases. This drop in pressure pulls blood into the IVC and atrium from smaller veins
• Area of high pressure to an area of low pressure

Vasodilators and local vasoconstrictors(prostaglandins, thromboxanes)

• Decreased tissue O2 levels or increased CO2 levels
• Generation of lactic acid
• Release of nitiric acid
• Rising K+ or H+ concentrations in interstitial fluid
• Local inflammation
• Elevated temperature

Adjust CO and PR to maintain vital organ blood flow

• Cardiac centers
• Vasomotor centers

• cardioacceleratory-sympathetic
• cardioinhibitory-parasympathetic
• Control HR, contractility-->blood flow, BP

• Vasocontriction-via adrenergic release of NE-cause more resistance when there is a change
• Vasodilation-via direct or indirect release of NO-can have cnetral or local dilation

• influence cardiac centers or vasomotor center
• monitor pressure
• in walls of expandable organs
• also located: Corotid arteries-corotid sinus, Arch of aorta-aortic sinus, and walls of the rt. atrium

• Monitor O2 levels and CO2 concentration
• Located in: Carotid arteries-carotid bodies and Aorta-aortic bodies

• Antidiuretic homone-released in response to decreased blood volume(against pee)
• Angiotensin II-releasd in response to a fall in blood pressure(released by kidneys to red bone marrow)
• Erythropoietin-released if BP fall or O2 levels are abnormally low
• Natriuretic peptides-released in response to excessive right atril stretch(increase pee and gets rid of sodium)

• Common carotid arteries
• External caratid artery
• Internal carotid artery
• Ophthalmic artery
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Middle cerebral artery
• L/R vertebral arteries
• Basilic artery
• Circle of Willis

ascend the neck and divide into External and Internal carotids

supplies the neck, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, lower jaw, and face(nothing with brain)

• Enter into carotid foramen and delivers blood to the brain and divides into ophthalmic artery, anterior cerebral artery, middle cerebral artery
• Vertebral

• Anastamosis
• Guarantees blood supply to the brain(blood will have an alternate route to go through if there is a block)

• Blood leaving the capillaries supplied by the celia, superior, and inferior mesenteric arteries flows into this.
• Centralizes blood from the GI tract
• Nutrient procession
• Detoxification

Liver

• 1. Umbilical cord
• 2. Unbilical arteries(deoxygenated blood and waste the the placenta)
• 3. Unbilical vein(oxygenated blood is returned to the fetus)
• 4. Drains into Hepatic portal vein and Ductus venosus in the fetal liver
• 5. Drains into the IVC
• 6.Foramen ovale-hole between R and L atrium
• 7. Ductus arteriousus connects to Aorta