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What are cranial nerves?
nerves that extend from the brain
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How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
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What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?
I - olfactory nerve
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What is the function of the first cranial nerve?
olfaction
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What openins in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?
cribriform foramina
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What cranial nerve is transmitted by the foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid?
olfactory nerve
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What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?
II - optic nerve
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What is the function of the second cranial nerve?
vision
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What opening in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?
optic foramen
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What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?
III - oculomotor
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What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?
superior orbital fissure
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What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve?
IV - trochlear nerve
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What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?
superior orbital fissure
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What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?
V - trigeminal nerve
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What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?
opthalmic, maxillary, & mandibular
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What is the first branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
What are its functions?
- opthalmic branch
- conducts sensory impulses from the cornea, nose, forehead, and anterior scalp
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What is the second branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
What are its functions?
- maxilaary branch
- conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gumes, & cheeks
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What is the third branch of the fifth cranial nerve?
What are its functions?
- mandibular branch
- innervates muscle of mastication
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What openings in the skull transmit the fifth cranial nerve?
- superior orbital fissure - opthalmic
- foramen rotundum - maxillary
- foramen ovale - mandibular
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What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?
VI - abducens
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What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?
superior orbital fissure
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What is the name and number of the seventh cranial nerve?
VII - facial nerve
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What are the functions of the seventh cranial nerve?
taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
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What openings in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?
internal acoustic meatus & stylomastoid foramen
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What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve
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What are the functions of the eighth cranial nerve?
equilibrium & hearing
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What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?
internal acoustic meatus
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What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?
IX - glossopharyngeal nerve
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What are the functions of the ninth cranial nerve?
sensation & taste
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What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?
jugular foramen
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What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?
X - vagus
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What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?
jugular foramen
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What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI - accessory nerve
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What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?
jugular foramen
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What is the name and number of the twelfth cranial nerve?
XII - hypoglossal
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What opening transmits the twlefth cranial nerve?
hypoglossal canal
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What are the two functions of the spinal cord?
- pathway for sensory and motor impulses
- spinal reflex
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What is the general shape of the spinal cord in cross-section?
oval
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What depressions lie on the anterior and posterior surface of the spinal cord?
posterior, anterior & medial
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Where does the spinal cord begin and end in an adult?
Starts at the brain and ends at L1
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What is the cauda equina?
- nerves that project inferiorly from the spinal cord
- means "horses tail"
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How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
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How does the dura mater within the vertebral canal differ from the dura within the cranial cavity?
consists of 1 layer and not 2
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What portion of the spinal cord is composed of dendrites and cell bodies of neurons and glial cells and un myelinated axons?
gray matter
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What portion of the spinal cord is composed of myelinated axons?
white matter
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Within the spinal cord, where is gray matter located and how it it shaped?
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Within the spinal cord, what are the anterior masses of gray matter that contain the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons?
anterior horns
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Within the spinal cord from T1-L2, what structures contain the cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons?
lateral horns
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Within the spinal cord, what are the posterior masses of gray matter that contain the axons of sensory neurons and the cell bodies of interneurons?
posterior horns
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What horizontal bar of gray matter surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord?
gray commissure
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What fills the central canal of the spinal cord?
cerebrospinal fluid
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Within the regions of the spinal cord's gray matter, what are the various functional groups of neuron cell bodies?
nuclei
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Where does the white matter of the spinal cord lie in relation to the gray matter?
external
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The white matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into thre regions. What are they called?
posterior, lateral & anterior funiculus
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Anteriorly and posteriorly, what are the small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord?
rootlets
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The numerous small attachments of a spinal nerve to the spinal cord converge to form what structures?
anterior & posterior root
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The cell bodies of sensory neurons associated with the spinal cord are found in what structures?
posterior root ganglion
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The cell bodies of motor neurons within the spinal cord are found in what structures?
anterior horn
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Spinal nerves are formed by the convergence of what structures within what structure?
anterior posterior roots within the intervertebral foramen
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What are the two main branches of a spinal nerve?
posterior & anterior ramus
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What branches of a spinal nerve are associated with the autonomic nervous system?
rami communicantes
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What is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve?
dermatomes
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What is a network of interweaving anterior rami of spinal nerves?
nerve plexuses
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The anterior rami of T1-T11 travel in intercostal spaces. What are these nerves called?
intercostal nerves
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What term is used to refer to T12 because it lies below the ribs rather than between them?
subcostal nerve
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In general, what do intercostal nerves innervate?
intercostal muscles
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The cervical plexus arises from what spinal nerves?
C1-C4
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What branch of the cervical plexus innervates the diaphragm?
phrenic nerve
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The brachial plexus arises from what spinal nerves?
C5-T1
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Where is the brachial plexus located?
lateral neck & axilla
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What regions of the body does the brachial plexus innervate?
pectoral girdle & upper extremity
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What is the motor innervation of the axillary nerve?
deltoid & teres minor
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the axillary nerve?
superolateral portion
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What is the motor innervation of the median nerve?
- most anterior forearm muscles
- thenar muscles
- lateral muscles
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the median nerve?
palmar aspects & dorsal tips of lateral 3 1/2 digits
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What is the motor innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
anterior arm muscles
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?
lateral surface of forearm
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What is the motor innervation of the radial nerve?
- posterior arm muscles
- posterior forearm muscles
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the radial nerve?
- posterior region of arm
- posterior region of forearm
- dorsolateral side of hand
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What is the motor innervation of the ulnar nerve?
- anterior forearm muscles
- intrinsic muscles of the hand
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the ulnar nerve?
dorsal & palmar aspects of medail 1 1/2 digits
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The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?
L1-L4
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What is the main nerve of the posterior division of the lumbar plexus?
femoral nerve
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What is the motor innervation of the femoral nerve?
anterior thigh muscles & pectineus
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the femoral nerve?
anterior thigh, inferomedial thigh, & most medial aspect of foot
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What is the main nerve of the anterior division of the lumbar plexus?
obturator nerve
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What ist he motor innervation of the obturator nerve?
medial thigh muscles
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the obturator nerve?
superomedial skin of the thigh
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The anterior rami of what spinal nerves form the sacral plexus?
L4-S4
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What are the two main divisions of the sacral plexus?
anterior & posterior
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Nerves of teh sacral plexus arising from the anterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
muscles that flex (or plantar flex) parts of the lower limb
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Nerves of the sacral plexus arising from the posterior division tend to innervate what muscles?
muscles that extend (or dorsiflex) parts of the lower limb
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What is the largesy and longest nerve in the body?
sciatic nerve
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What nerve is formed from the anterior divisions of the sciatic nerve?
tibial nerve
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What division of what nerve innervates the hamstrings?
tibial division of the sciatic nerve
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Within the leg, what nerve innervates the plantar flexors of the foot and the flexors of the toes?
tibial nerve
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the tibial nerve?
plantar surface of the foot
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What nerve is formed from the posterior division of the sciatic nerve?
common fibular nerve
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What division of what nerve innervates the short head of the biceps femoris?
common fibular division of the sciatic nerve
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What are the two main divisions of the common fibular nerve?
deep & superficial
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What is the motor innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
anterior leg muscles & muscles of the dorsum of the foot
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the deep fibular nerve?
skin between first and second toes
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What is the motor innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
lateral leg muscles
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What is the cutaneous innervation of the superficial fibular nerve?
anteroinferior part of the leg & most of dorsum of the foot
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What nerve has the following motor and cutaneous innervation? Motor - Posterior arm muscles & the posterior forearm muscels. Cutaneous - Posterior arm and forearm surface and the dorsolateral side of hand.
radial nerve
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