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What are the components of blood?
- Blood Plasma
- Formed element
Those two make whole blood
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What are the major functions of blood?
- Transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes
- Regulating pH and ion composition ISF
- Restricting fluid loss at injury sites
- Defending the body against toxins and pathogens
- Regulating body temperature by absorbing and redistibuting heat
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What is the function of plasma?
Clotting of blood
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What is the composition of plasma?
92% Water and 7% Plasma proteins
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What are the characteristices of RBC's?
- RBC/Erythrocytes
- WBC/leukocytes
- Pllatelets/thrombocytes
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What are the functions of RBC's?
- Carry O2
- Immune response
- Help stop blood loss
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What is the structure of Hemoglobin?
- Globulin-complex quaternary shape
- Heme-iron contain pigment portion
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What is the function of hemoglobin?
Transportation of O2
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What is Erythropoiesis?
- Red bone cell production.
- Occurs in the red bone marrow
- Sped up by erythropoietin
- Requires B12 and folic acid
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What is the importance of blood typing?
So that there are no cross reactions between the different blood types.(Clotting)
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What is the basis for ABO and Rh incompatibilities?
Surface antigens
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What are the 2 different categories of WBC's?
Granular-Have granules in their cytoplasm that are actually lysosomes
Agranular-Lack granules
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What are the 5 types of WBC's?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
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What is the structure of platelets?
- Disc-shaped elements without nuclei
- Not true cells
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What is the functions of platelets?
Help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels by forming a platelet plug
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How are platelets produced?
Under thrombopoietin myeloid stem cells megakaryocytes. They are the fragments of the megakaryocytes.
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What is the mechanism that controls blood loss after and injury?
Hemostasis
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What is the sequence of events responsible for blood clotting?
- Vascular phase
- Platelet Phase
- Coagulation phase
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What makes up the cardiovascular system?
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What does the cardiovascular system do?
Rapid transport of nutrients, waste products, respiratory gases and cells
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What kind of tissue is blood?
Fluid connective tissue
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Blood plasma
Liquid component consisting of 92% water and 8% solutes
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Neutrophils
- first phagocytes at the site of infection, release leukotrienes, phagocytosis of foreign substances
- 40-70% of WBC pop.
- 3-7 lobed nucleus
- pale purple cytoplasm with small granules
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Eosinophils
- Phagocytes attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies aid in allergic reactions and parasite infections
- 1-4% of leukocytes
- Bi-lobed shaped nucleus
- Large cytoplasmic granules that stain orange in color
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Basophils
- Migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin that helps to mediate iflammatory responses
- Ratest WBC <1%
- U or S shaped nucleus
- Very dark granules that stain dark purple
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Monocytes
- enters peripheral tissue and becomes a macrophage (masters of phagocytosis)
- Largest WBC
- 4-8% of pop.
- Kidney shaped nucleus
- Grey-blue cytoplasm
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Lymphocytes
- Interact with antigens to fight infection
- Smallest WBC
- 20-45% of WBC pop.
- Large nucleus and small rim of cytoplasm
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Vascular Phase
Smooth muscle will constrict causing local vasoconstriction
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Platelet Phase
Platelets start sticking to rough edges, more and more come until platelet plug can be formed
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Coagulation Phase
- Extrinsic pathway
- Intrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
All three are positive feedback and Vit K is required for the formation of the 4 clotting factors (2 7 9 10)
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Extrinsic Pathway
- A rapid pathway that begins out side the bloodstream
- Damaged tissues outside of the vessel send tissue factor 3 into the blood
- Begin clotting process (involves calcium ions)
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Intrinsic Pathway
- slower
- formation of prothrombinase
- begins within bloodstream
- activates factor 7
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Common Pathway
- Factor 10 turns into prothrombinase that converts prothrombin to thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen to loose fibrin threads that are insoluble forming a sturdy clot
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