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carcinoma?
starts in the skin or in tissues covering internal organs
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sarcoma
begins in connective or supportive tissue
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leukemia
begins in bone marrow or blood-producing cells; travels into the bloodflow
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lymphoma & myeloma
cancer beginning in the immune system cells
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CNS cancers
begins in brain or spinal cord
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diuretics used for CHF - what should the nurse monitor?
serum potassium levels
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inotropic vs chronotropic actions?
- inotropic - affects cardiac contraction
- chronotropic - affects heart rate
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left-sided (aka systolic) heart failure
- impaired ventricular contraction (decreased CO)
- backup of blood to left atrium, then to lungs
- symptoms: hacking cough, dyspnea, chest pain
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right-sided (aka diastolic) heart failure
- due to increased blood volume
- ventricles cannot contract to accomodate increased afterload/preload
- backward flow to periphery
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pulmonary edema often occurs synonmyously with what sided HF?
left-sided
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depolarization?
contraction of the ventricle/atrium
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repolarization?
resting period after contraction
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trace cardiac conduction through the heart, in order
- starts in SA node
- travels to AV node
- Bundle of His (in the bundle branches)
- Purkinje fibers
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during cardiac rehab - should the pt be doing isometric or isotonic exercises?
- isotonic.
- isotonic - gradually increases HR. jogging, etc
- isometric - quick increase in HR. requires more oxygen. ie, weight lifting or shoveling snow
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mitral valve prolapse?
- mitral valve (between LA and LV) is leaky, and blood may seep back into LA from the LV.
- symptoms: similar to HF, chest pain, palpitations, activity intolerance.
- during physical exam: "mitral click" heard as extra heart sound
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mitral stenosis?
- mitral valve hardens. causes buildup of fluid in LA b/c blood is not getting to LV
- risk of emboli due to pooling bloodright-sided failure will also occur eventually since it is being overworked
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symptoms of right-sided HF?
- peripheral edema
- hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
- jugular vein distention
- ascites
- murmurs
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