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What do we call condensed DNA with associated proteins?
chromosomes
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What phase of the cell cycle occupies most of an average cell's life?
Interphase
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During which stage of the cell cycle is DNA replicated
S phase
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Are the products of mitosis diploid or haploid?
diploid
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Are the products of meiosis diploid or haploid?
haploid
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What are diploid cells?
Mitotic, 2 pairs of chromosomes, 2n
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Which phase is responsible for cell growth?
G1
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Diploid is to somatic cell as haploid is to what?
gamete
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What do we call chromosomes exchanging corresponding segments of DNA?
crossing-over
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During cell division, the DNA in eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled into structures called
chromosomes
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During cell division, the DNA in eukaryotic cell is tightly packed and coiled around structures called
histones or other proteins
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Between cell divisions, the DNA in a eukaryotic cell is uncoiled and spread out; in this form it is called
chromatin
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the chromosomes of most prokaryotes consist of proteins and
a single circular DNA molecule
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Humans have 46 chromosomes in all cells except sperm and egg cells. How many of these chromosomes are autosomes?
44
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If an organism has a diploid or 2n number of 16, how many chromosomes do its sperm cells or eggs cells contain
8
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prokaryotic cells reproduce by a process called
binary fission
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in eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during a phase of the cell cycle called
S phase
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the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell divides by a process called
cytokinesis
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the fibers that extend from centrosome to centrosome during mitosis are
spindle fibers
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spindle fibers are a type of
microtubule
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in the G0 phase, what happens?
cells exit from the cell cycle
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during synapsis what happens?
chromosomes line up next to their homologues
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during crossing-over, portions of chromatids do what?
break off and attach to adjacent each chromatids on the homologous chromosome
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in which phase of meiosis do tetrads form?
prophase I
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When do chromatids spearate into opposite poles of the cell?
Meiosis II
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In oogenesis, a diploid reproductive cell divides meiotically to produce
one haploid gamete
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what are two ways in which genetic recomination occurs during meiosis
crossing-over and independent assortment
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the symbol for diploid
2n
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how many divisions are in mitosis?
one
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how many divisions are in meiosis?
two
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meiosis produces
haploid gametes
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meiosis occurs where?
the gonads
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-
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in prophase I, homologues pair up with one another along entire lengths to form a bundle of four chromatids which is called a
tetrad
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crossing over results in
genetic recombination and variation
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what do tetrads do in metaphase I
move to the equator of the cell
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homologues in anaphase I do what and move where along what
separate and move towards opposite poles along the spindle
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male products of meiosis
4 sperm
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female products of meiosis
1 mature egg/ovum and 3 polar bodies
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term for meiosis in males
spermatogenesis
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term for meiosis in females
oogenesis
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chromatids of each chromosome separate at the centromere in what step of mitosis?
anaphase
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when does DNA coil into chromosomes
prophase
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when do spindle fibers disassemble
telophase
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kinetochore fibers move chromosomes to the cell's center in what stage of mitosis mitosis
metaphase
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centrosomes appear next to the disappearing nucleus in what step of mitosis
prophase
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when does a nucleus form in each new cell
telophase
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what is a picture of all chromosme pairs
karyotype
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when do chromatids move toward opposite poles of the dividing cell
anaphase
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when do spindle fibers radiate from the centrosomes
prophase
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when does a nuclear envelope form around each set of new chromosomes
telophase
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uncontroled cell growth
cancer
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what are three factors that could cause cancer?
heredity, environment, viruses
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What divides cells during cytokinesis in plants
cell plate
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What divides cells during cytokinesis in animals
cleavage furrow
-
-
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what are the human sex chromosmes
x and y
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what are sperm and egg cells examples of
gametes, haploids
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rod-shaped sturctures made of DNA and proteins
chromosomes
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proteins which DNA is wrapped tightly around in eukaryotic cells
histones
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one half of a chromosome
chromatid
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the point where two chromatids are attached to make a chromosome
centromere
-
uncondesed, less tightly packed DNA-protein complex
chromatin
-
last chromosome that determines the sex of an organism
sex chromosome
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chromosomes that carry the genes of organisms
autosomes
-
two copies of the same autosome
homologous chromosomes
-
a picture showing the chromosomes
karyotype
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cells having two sets of chromosmes; produced by MITOSIS
diploid
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cells having one set of chromosomes; produced by MEIOSIS
haploid
-
cell division in prokaryotic cells
binary fission
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eukaryotic cell division that results in new cells with indentical genetic material to its parents; produces diploid cells
mitosis
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eukaryotic cell division that results in new cells with half the number of chromosomes than its parents; produces haploid cells
meiosis
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production of offspring from one parent
asexual reproduction
-
a haploid reproductive cell formed in Meiosis
gametes
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the time between cell divisions
interphase
-
process where the cell divides at the cytoplasm
cytokinesis
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first stage of mitosis; coiling of DNA; disappearing nucleus; forming of spindle fibers
prophase
-
made of microtubules
spindle fibers
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second phase of mitosis; chromosomes move to the center of the cell
metaphase
-
third phase of mitosis; chromatids separate at the centromere and move towards opposite poles
anaphase
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fourth step of mitosis; chromosomes reach opposite poles; spindle fibers dissasembles; nucleus is recreated
telophase
-
spot where cells divide during cytokinesis in ANIMALS
cleavage furrow
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spot where cells divide during cytokinesis in PLANTS
cell plate
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the pairing of homologous chromosomes in meiosis
synapsis
-
each pair of homologous chromosomes in synapsis
tetrad
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portions of chromatids break off and attach to adjacent chromatids on homologous chromosomes
crossing-over
-
a new mixture of genetic material in meiosis created after crossing-over
genetic recombination
-
the random separation of the homologouse chromosomes in Anaphase I
independent assortment
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the production of sperm cells
spermatogenesis
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the production of mature egg cells
oogeneis
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three products of oogenesis that eventually regenerate
polar bodies
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the production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg
sexual reproduction
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