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Ectopic Kidney
abnormally positioned kidney
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Horseshoe Kidney
kidneys are malrotated and fused at lower poles
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Ureterocele
cystic dilation of the distal ureter
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Cystitis
- inflammation of the urinary bladder caused by bacterial infection
- Radiographic Appearance: excretory urography demonstrates decreases bladder size and irregularity of bladder wall with chronic cystitis
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Renal Colic
- very severe pain that can present suddenly and without warning usually caused by stones in the kidney, renal pelvis, or ureter
- pain is caused by dilatation, stretching and spasm of the ureter
- haematuria (blood in the urine) is often present
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Renal Calculi
- asymptomatic until they lodge in a ureter and cause partial obstruction
- Radiographic Appearance: 80% of renal stones contain enough calcium to be radiopaque; dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces and ureters will occur to point of obstruction
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Hydronephrosis
- dilatation of renal pelvis and calyces caused by obstruction
- caused by calculi in ureter, urethral strictures, pelvic tumors and enlarged prostate
- bilateral hydronephrosis is most often indicative of obstruction at the base of urinary bladder or urethra
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Renal Cyst
- fluid filled mass, usually unilocular
- Radiographic Appearance: IVU performed shows radiopaque rim surrounding lucent cyst "beak sign"
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
- inherited disorder in which multiple cysts or varying size cause lobulated enlargement of kidneys and progressive renal impairment
- Radiographic Appearance: IVU would demonstrate enlarged kidney and mottled presence of multiple lucent lesions
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Nephroblastoma
- malignant tumor usually presenting before five years of age and becomes large, palpable mass
- lesion arises from embryonic renal tissue
- Radiographic Appearance: IVU would demonstrate displacement of kidney inferiorly and laterally
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Bladder Carcinoma
- originates in the epithelium, usually seen in men more than 50 years of age
- Radiographic Appearance: linear calcifications of tumor may show in KUB exam
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Neurogenic Bladder
- bladder dysfunction caused by neurologic damage
- primary symptom is overflow incontinence
- risk of serious complications is high
- diagnosis involves imaging and cystoscopy or urodynamic testing
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Vesicoureteral Reflux
- abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters (most common in children)
- can cause swelling in the ureter and kidney, known as hydroureter and hydronephrosis
- infection is the most common symptom
- Radiographic Appearance: more than one of the following tests may be needed - voiding cystourethrogram, intravenous pyelogram, kidney and bladder ultrasound, CT, nuclear scans
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Vesicovaginal Fistula
- abnormal connection between the urinary tract and the vagina
- can be caused by injury to the urinary tract
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Renovascular Hypertension
- high blood pressure due to renal artery stenosis cause by arteriosclerosis or fibromuscular dysplasia
- Radiographic Appearance: CT angiogram for assessment
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