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what is the hydrologic cycle?
refers to the flow or movement of h2o through the enviornment.
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what is hydrology?
study of the earths water "called hydrosphere"
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97.2% refers to what in earths hydrocycle?
ocean/ salt h2o
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2.8% refers to what in the hydrocycle?
fresh water h2o
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out of the 2.8% of fresh water in the earths hydrocycle what % comes from glaciers,snow, and ice. and what % is available supply fresh?
- 2.15% is snow
- 0.65% is supply
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out of the 0.65% of available supply fresh h2o . what % is ground water and what % is surface lakes, stream, rivers, and ponds
- .62% ground water
- .03% streams,lakes,ponds, and rivers
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whats the difference between a pond and a lake?
- ponds= light pentrates to the bottom, it has vegeation on the bed and shallow
- lakes= light dose not pentrate to the bottom, no vegeation on the bed and deep. they are both standing water
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what are the three movements of flow of water in the hydro cycle.
- 1. evaporation
- 2.sublimation
- 3. transpiration
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define evaporation as it refers to the hydro cycle.
water entering the atmosphere due to solar heating of surface waters
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define sublimation as it refers to the hydro cycle
water entering the atmosphere due to solar heating os snow and ice covered surfaces
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define transpiration as it refers to the hydro cycle
water entering the atmosphere from vegation=plant life
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how dose water move through the atmosphere name all 4
- 1.condensation
- 2. precipitation
- 3. infiltration
- 4. runoff
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define condensation as it refers to the water moving through the atmosphere
when water vapors form tiny droplets making clouds
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define precipitation as it refers to the water moving through the atmosphere
when water droplets fall in the form of rain, snow, sleet, hail
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define infiltration as it refers to water moving through the atmosphere
is when a portion of water soaks into the ground
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define runoff as it refers to water moving through the atmosphere
is when water flowing over the surface into the ground water- rivers,lakes
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what is the #1 sculpting agent on earth and how dose it do its job
running water- by cutting, moving, dumping, and scraping.
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define velocity
speed in any given direction
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list the three reasons water is the #1 sculpting agent
- 1. gradient
- 2. discharge
- 3. characterics
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define gradient
is the verticle drop of a stream channel over a given distant
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define discharge
volume of water that passes a point in a unit of time.
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define characterics as it refers to water being the #1 scultping agent
size, shape, roughness
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what is the largest river in the world and its gradient
amazon and 7.5 million
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what is the 2nd largest river in the world and its gradient
congo and 1.5 million
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what is the largest river in north america
the mississippi
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what are the three works of running water
- 1. erosion
- 2. transportation
- 3. deposition
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define erosion
phyical removal of rock and sediments
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list and define the three agents of erosion
- 1. dissolution- running water is phyically removing souble minerals/ sediments
- 2. adrasion- scratch, scrap, scour, minerals sediments away
- 3. hydraulic action- pound, smash, break sediments down
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define load
load is whats carried away from erosion
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define the three agents of transportation
- 1. dissolved load- soluble minerals
- 2. suspended load- fine particles, silt,sand,clay
- 3.bed load- (bottom) skip, roll,slide,bounce
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deifne deposition
it occurs at the mouth or blocked or gradient levels off where the stream slows down
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what does sorted sediments show
graded bedding
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what is/does alluvium show
sorted sediments having graded bedding with particles decrease from bottom to the top
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what is delta
forms at the mouth of a river and is a triangle shape.
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what is a natural levees
natural walls along banks of rivers they are paraellel to the river
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what are the 2 speeds water can have
- 1. laminar flow- slow peaceful flow
- 2. turbulent flow- fast flow rapids, whirlpools, waterfalls,and whitewater
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define latent heat
when the heat used to melt ice dose not produce a temperature change ie-hidden
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define calorie as it refers to latent heat
is the amount of heat required to raIse the temperature of 1 gram of water 1*c (1*8.F)
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what is the total calories for sublimation
680
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how many calories of latent heat dose it take to melt a solid and how many to freeze a liquid
80
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how many calories of latent heat dose it take to turn a liquid to gas and how many to turn a gas to a liquid
600
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what are the 3 zones of ground water
- 1. unstaturated zone
- 2.water table
- 3. staturated zone
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define unstaturated zone
spaces between your rock and sediments that are dry
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define water table
is the boundery seperating the two zones
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define staturated zone
spaces between rock and sediments are filled with water
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layers in the ground are refered to as what two things
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define aquifer
permable and porous= water goes through,sandy sediments/sandstone (ideal)
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define aquitard
impermable and non-porous= water do not go through, clay + shale (not ideal)
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define artesian well
water raises itself where it was initally drilled
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define spring
- is where groundwater flows to the surface where watertable intersects that surface
- spring can be cold or hot
- a hot spring would be 6-9*c
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define geyers
- is where groundwater flowing under great pressure and forced to the surface
- "to gush"
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what is the formula for mild acid rain
co2 + h20= h2co3
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whats under florida
calcite / calcium cardonate
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define cavern
is a cavity that forms in bedrock (like limestone) from dissoultion by acidic ground water
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define stalactite
icicle-like pendants that form on the celing of caverns
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define stalgmites
icicle-like pendants that form on the ground of caverns
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define sinkhole and how they form
when the ground collapses from a cavern with to much gone
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what regions topgarphy in china is characterzied by collapsing caverns
Karst
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define salinity
refers to the total amount of solid material dissolved in water
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how is average salinity expressed
AVG=35 %0 at surface
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define how salinity varies and define how
latitude and depth north to south salinity decreases at low latitudes rate of prcip exceeds rate of evaporation
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define the three zones in the ocean
- 1. surface zone
- 2. transition zone
- 3. deep zone
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what depth is the surface zone
.5 km
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what depth is the transtition zone
1.5 km
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what depth is the deep zone
3.9-4 km
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define thermocline and where dose it occur
change in temp that drops with deepth in the transtion zone
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define halocline and where dose it occur
change in salt that drops with the deepth in the transition zone
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define pycnocline and where dose it occur
a change in density when raising in the transition zone
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define room temp and where can you fine it on earth
20*c/68*f in the atomosphere
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what years did the H.M.S Challenger sail the sea
dec 1872- may 1876
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3 1/2 years later the challenger had sailed all the seas except one which one
artic sea
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what did this study of the ocean floor topgraphy show
that it is as varied as the continents topgraphy
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define abyss
it means nothing = very level and flat
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