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Acidosis
Excessive accumulation of acids in body fluids
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Aldosterone
Hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that decreases sodium and increases potassium excretion; raises blood volume and pressure
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Alkalosis
excessive accumulation of bases in body fluids
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary that increases the permeability of the collecting ducts in a kidney
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aquaporin
Protein membrane channel through which water can diffuse
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atrial natriuetic hormone (ANH)
hormone secreted by the heart that increases sodium excretion and, therefore, lowers blood volume and pressure.
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buffer
substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity
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collecting duct
duct within the kidney that receives fluid from several nephrons; the reabsorption of water occurs here
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creatinine
nitrogenous waste; the end product of creatine phosphate metabolism
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cystitis
inflammation of the urinary bladder
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diabetes insipidus
condition casued by deficiency of antidiuretic hormone from the pituitary gland, characterized by excessive urination
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diabetes mellitus
condition characerized by a high blood glucose level and the appearance of glucose in the urine, due to a deficiency of insulin production and failure of cells to take up glucose
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dialysate
material that passes through the membrane in dialysis
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distal convoluted tubule
final portion of a nephron that joins with a collecting duct; associated with tubular secretion
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diuretic
drug used to counteract hypertension by causing the excretion of water
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erythropietin
hormone, produced by the kidneys, that speeds red blood cell formation
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excretion
removal of metabolic wastes from the body
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floating kidney
kidney that has been dislodged from its normal position
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glomerular capsule
double-walled cup that surrounds the glomerulus at the beginning of the nephron
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glomerular filtrate
filtered portion of blood contained within the glomerular capsule
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glomerular filtration
movement of small moelcules from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule due to the action of blood pressure
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glomerulus
cluster; for example, the cluster of capillaries surrounded by the glomerular capsule in a nephron, where glomerular filtration takes place
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gout
joint inflammation caused by accumulation of uric acid
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hemodialysis
cleansing of blood by using an artificial membrane that causes substances to diffuse from blood into a dialysis fluid.
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
structure located in the walls of arterioles near the glomerulus; regulates renal blood flow
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kidney
organ in the urinary system that produces and excretes urine
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loop of the nephron
portion of the nephron lying between the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule that functions in water reabsorption
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micturition
emptying of the bladder; urination
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nephron
microscopic kidney unit that regulates blood composition by golmerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
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pertitubular capillary network
capillary network that surrounds a nephron and functions in reabsorption during urine formation
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proximal convoluted tubule
highly coiled region of a nephron near the glomerular capsule, where tubular reabsorption takes place
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pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney due to bacterial infection
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renal artery
vessel that originates from the aorta and delivers blood to the kidney
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renal cortex
outer portion of the kidney that appears granular
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renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney that consists of neral pyramids
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renal pelvis
hollow chamber in the kidney that lies inside the renal medulla and receives freshly prepared urine from the collecting ducts.
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renal vein
vessel that takes blood from the kidney to the inferior vena cava
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renin
enzyme released by the kidneys that leads to the secretion of aldosterone and a rise in blood pressure
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tubular reabsorption
movement of primarily nutrient molecules and water fro the contents of the nephron into blood at the proximal convoluted tubule
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tubular secretion
movement of certain molecules from blood into the distal convoluted tubule of a nephron so that they are added to urine
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urea
primary nitrogenous waste of humans derived from amino acid breakdown
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uremia
high level of urea nitrogen in the blood
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ureter
one of two tubes that take urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
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urethra
tubular structure that receives urine from the bladder and carries it to the outside of the body
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urethritis
inflammation of the urethra
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uric acid
waste product of nucleotide metabolism
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urinary bladder
organ where urine is stored before being discharged by the way of the urethra
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