Psyc ch. 8 test 2

Wechsler defined intelligence as:

Alfred Binet was appointed to a committee that tried to establish a better method for....

Alfred Binet and the holistic approach
the test was very successful at predicting...

complicated statistical procedure that combines scores from separate test items into several factors, which can substitute for the separate scores

noticed people who scored high on some test items tended to score high on others as well; he concluded the test items were measuring an underlying general intelligence (g)

Spearman noticed test items measured different specific abilities (s), but believed g was the _____

Rejected the idea of "general intelligence" identifying 7 mental abilities

Thurstone's primary mental abilities (7)

Thurstone suggested the idea of constructing a profile that provides _____ .

Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence

culturally-loaded, fact-oriented information;

ability to see complex relationship and solve problems

because crystallized intelligence is impacted by ____, this type of intelligence ____ across the lifespan.

Fluid intelligence may not be impacted by experience. It is believed to peak in ____ adulthood and gradually ____ thereafter.

formulated 3 components of intelligence

Sterberg's triarchic theory of intelligence

mental abilities typically measured by traditional IQ tests (e.g. knowledge, cognitive strategies)

creativity and quick learning of new tasks so they become automatic

practical intelligence (e.g. adapting on'es kills shaping a situation to meet on'es needs, or changing contexts)

this aspect of intelligence is strongly affected by culture (e.g. street smart, common sense)

denied a g factor and proposed 8 independent, equally important forms of intelligence

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences (8)

correlations between gardners 8 forms of intelligence would be quite _____, a person can have very high ability in one area and very low in others

there is _____ support for gardner's theory of multiple intelligence (i.e. damage to a specific brain region only influences specific abilities)

Researchers point out the differences between tests that are:

Group-administered tests

individually administered tests

Stanford-Binet intelligence scale if for what age group?

standfor-binet intelligence scale 5th edition includes 15 subtests that combine to provide a General IQ score and 5 factor scores:

this test appears to be fairly useful for middle childhood and adolescence, not for preschoolers

Wechsler Inteligence Scale for Children 4th edition (WISC-IV) for ages ____

Wechsler that is available for preschoolers?

WISC-IV includes numerous subtests that yield scores for:

What does the WISC-IV allow identification of?

Components of Good tests

the test must consistently yield the same score when people are tested repeatedly (or almost the same)

the test must measure what it is inteded to measure. Does it correlate wit other IQ tests? Does it correlate with oter abilities/aptitudes with which it should be related?

establishing norms for comparing scores of people who will take the test in the future; administering the test to many people also allows for the development of the administration procedures

Intelligence test scores conform to a standard normal curve, with most ....

What is the average IQ

IQ
____% fall between 90 and 110 (average range)

IQ

_____% fall between 70 and 130

About ____% have IQ scores above 130

now giftedness is not only based on ____ but also on ____

speical programs for gifted children include ____

about _____% have IQ scores below 70

Mental retardation is defined as...

Four levels of Mental retardation

______% have a mild level of MR

_____% have a moderate level of MR

_____% have a severe level of MR

____% have a profound level of MR

Children's test scores become more ____ and become better predictors later _____ as they get older.

children with higher IQ test scores tend to:

IQ scores begin to correlate with adult educational attainment at about age ____ years.

Children with higher IQ scores at age 7+ are more likely to enter _____ professions.
Examples?

The relationship between IQ and occupational status is not perfect, and other factors are involved, such as....

Children with higher IQ scores appear more ______ competent (though other factors are involved)

Children with higher IQ scores are less likely to become ______ and are less likely to experience ______.

IQ scores appear unrelated to .....

While IQ scores may predict future success or failure, a single test score should not be used to make major educational decisions. Why?

_____ are NOT predictive of later performance or academic achievement.

Some tests are believed to be ______ biased and, as such, only highly trained examiners should be involved in interpretation of test results.

Some tests are not appropriate for use with specific population, so test selection is a very important and cautious process. Examples?

______ appear to impact test performance.

characteristics of good testing environments include....

Highly trained and experienced examiners are very important for obtaining _________ performance from children.

Nature: argument for _____ contibutions to intelligence.

Nurture: argument for _______ contributions to intelligence

How is the nature-nurturee debate addressed?
The case for nature:

How is the nature-nurture debate addressed?
The case for nurture:

What is shared environmental influences?
Examples?

What is non-shared environmental influences?
examples?

What are the versions of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) ?

HOME scores are strongly correlated with _______, especially at ______.

For toddlers and preschoolers, several HOME factors are linked to better language (and thus, IQ) scores...

In middle school, the relationship between HOME and IQ scores ______.
Why?

The extent to which parents value and emphasize intellectual success influences children's _____, regarless of SES.

Evaluation of _______ environmental influences reveals they are very important.

Exposure to non-shared environmental influences _____ results in noted differences in IQ scores of siblings reared in the same home.

Early studies demonstrating a link between non-shared factors like birth order and spacing were flawed...what has recent research revealed about these two factors?

Studies reveal _____ intervention has powerful effects on IQ scores, whereas _____ intervention has little or no impact.

Early research for project HEAD START found only _____ improvement.

better longitudinal research for project Head Start found gains in IQ and achievement during the first ______ years of elementary school, but these gains disappeared thereafter.

Project head start; longer-term gains were seen in....

What kind of effect is associated with project head start?

positive IQ gains were short - term; believed to result from low-quality schools attended by children living in poverty after head-start.

Head-Start provides more than cognitve/academic assistance, such as....

Long term gains for one specific program, the High/Scope Perry Preschool program, such as...

the ability to produce work that is original and appropriate

the ability to generate multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem

the ability to generate a single correct answer to a problem

for many years, creativity was believed to be based on ___

What is now believed to comprise creativity?

For a long time it was thoug individuals either were or were not BORN with creativity. Now there is evidence that many factors influence one's level of creativity, several of whaich are ...

Sternberg and Lubart provided one model called ______ which described 4 groups of influential factors of creativity.

4 groups of the Investment Theory of Creativity

ability to find a problem
ability to define a problem
alternating between divergent and convergent thinking
having insight
evaluating of competing ideas
knowledge (expertise or talent)

innovative thinkers
people who tolerate uncertainty
patience and perseverance
willingness to take risks
courage and faith in one's ideas

maintaining focus on the task, rather than the goal
intrinsic, rather tahn extrinsic, motivators (e.g. not for a prize)

stimulating activities
encouragement of intellectual curiousity
acceptance of one's individuality
formal instruction relevant to child's talents
available time to think and reflect
challenging, extended projects that promote use of personality and cognitive resources