PSYC Ch 6 Test 2

Researchers studying cognitive development address three main issues:

Three approaches to the study of cognitive development:

Piaget was interested in identifying the _____ of a child's cognitive functioning, asking the question, ______?

mental structures that change with age and allow us to make sense of our experiences

building schemes through interactions with the environment

process by which current schemes are used to interpret new experiences

process by which old schemes are adjusted or new ones created to interpret new experiences

process by which scemes are rearraged and linked

Basic structures and processes of piaget's theory of cognitive development

Four stages of piaget's theory of cognitive development

In the Sensorimotor stage infants learn through_____

In the sensorimotor stage infants evolve from random actions and reflexes toward actions that have ____

in the sensorimotor stage infants develop ______

knowing an object still exists when out of sight

understanding cause/effect: one event predicts another event

form a mental representation of someone's behavior and later imitate it

Piaget further subdivided the sensorimotor stage into 6 substages, with infants gradually evolving from _____

in the preoperational stage, rapid development of "representational activity" or symbolic thought, as evidenced by:

in the preoperational period, while advancements in thought are ___ thought is not yet _____. Proof of this includes several limitations in the way they think, particularly at ages 3-4.

limitations of preopertional thought:

inability to take someone else's perspective

attributing human traits to nonhuman things

Stuffed animal is sad for being left home is an example of ___

developing magical explanations for thing they can't understand

In the concrete operations period, thought is more ____

in the concrete operations period, the limitations of the preoperational stage are now gone, indicating greater logical thinking skills. However, logical though is limited to ______ observations and ____ information.

In the concrete operations period, logical ( though concrete) thought is evidenced by:

knowing that when appearance of something (amount) changes, it is still the same.

understanding hierarchies and categories

putting items in order

putting blocks in order from smallest to largest is an example of_____

distance and directions are an example of ______

mental imge of familiar spaces

limitations of concrete operational thought

in the formal operations period, the emergence of _____

Formal operations period includes:

start with a general theory and deduce specific hypothesis to be tested

to evaluate the logic of a statement without referring to real-world circumstances

In the formal operations period, more abstract information processing abilities, as reflected in changes in _____ at school.

BECAUSE THEY CAN NOW CONSIDER WHAT IS POSSIBLE, THEY MAY PRODUCE IDEAS ABOUT A "PERFECT WORLD"

belief that everyone is watching and evaluating me

belief that i am special and unique, and that bad things won't happen to me (rules don't apply to me)

Limited testing methods and restricted sample resulted in Piaget underestimating the abilities of _____

Preschoolers do not comletely lack logical though, and then sudeenly shift into it at age 7. Rather, this change is ____

Development may be modified by ____, not discussed by piaget

______% of college students failed piaget's formal operational tasks. Also, formal operational thought never does appear in some cultures.

What is piage credited with?

What can be traced to piaget's research and conclusions?

most influential person in psychological development to date.

Piaget's influences on educational practices

Emphasis on _____ providing a rich variety of activities rather than purely verbal presentations of material.

Piaget's influences on educational practices

Sensitivity to children's _____

provision of appropriate experiences to build on the child's current level of thinking

Piaget's influences on educational practices

Acceptance of ____: now activites are more tailored to individuals and comparisons are made to the child's own previous abilities rather than those of other children.

The Core knowledge persepective asserts that infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems called _______

Core domains of knowledge permit....

_______ says that infants would not be capable of processing the vast amount of stimulation around them without being genetically programmed to do so.

Several domains of core knowledge have been identified:

understanding of objects and their effects on one another

the ability to keep track of muiltiple objects and to add and substract small quantities

readiness to develop language at an early age

early orientation toward people and understanding about mental states

ideas about bodily processes and ingeritance of traits

infants as young as _____ noticed when impossible event occurred when with physical objects and with basic counting.

the theor ath children explain an event's cause by drwing on innate concepts and then test their theory against experience, revising it when it cannot adequately account for new information

psychological knowledge of self and others that forms rapidly during the preschool years

most of the explanations offered by preschoolers are ______, _____, or _____ in nature and are appropriately linked to the behaviors of humans, animals, and objects.

physical and psychological explanations are typically prevalent at age _____, whereas ______ explanations emerge more gradually.

one study showed ____ year-olds, but not ____ year-olds, believed they could tell a pain to go away or tell their heart to stop beating.

Regarding knowledge of ingeritance, it is not until ages ____ to ____ that children realize adopted children will physically resemble their birth parents but will resemble their adoptive parents in belief and skills.

The later emergence of biological knowledge has led some researchers to assume it has only weak innate foundations and requires more extensive ______

This perspective has succeeded in explaining how it is possible for some skills to develop so early in life, with minimal experience.

Basic Concepts of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory

when we speak to ourselves; kids=out loud

Piage called private speech _______ because he believed young children could not take the perspecitve of others and thus, engage in self-talk with no consideration of whether others can understand it.

Vygotsky disagrred with Piaget, arguing that children's private speech is a means of ______ that provides the children the foundation needed for higher cognitive processes.

Vygotsky also believed that by tuning in to a child's private speech, we can learn about their ______.

Research supports Vygotsky's opinion. Children engage in private speech more:

Children also perform some tasks better when they freely use self-guided speech. Also, children with learning and behavior problems tend to use private speech longer, indicating....

With increasing age, private speech ______ and is replaced by ______

the range of tasks a child cannot yet do alone but could with help

Vygotsky pointed out that parents and teachers should focus their efforts on these tasks. Why?
Examples?

process in which 2 participants begin a task at different levels and arrie at a shared understanding

teachers and parents attempt to speak and explain things at the child's level, while the child is stretching upward toward a mor emature understanding is an example of ____

adjusting the level of support according to the child's level or need

in scaffolding the greatest level of support or hel is offered ____

In scaffolding support is gradually _____ as the child achieves, until not support is necessary

example of scaffolding

Vygotsky believed pretend play provided children a unique opportunity to practice a wide variety of skills. He believed it was important in 2 ways:

Studies have supported Vygotsky's ideas about make-believe play. Children who engage in more complex make-believe play later followed ______ better.

Make-believe play is also believed to have ____ origins

Vygotsky's Contributions to educational practices:

added aspect of social interaction to the learning environment

small group of teacher and 2-4 students for collaborative learning, which includes questionning, summarizing, clarifying, and predicting.

students work together toward a common goal; works best with a variety of abilities and ages