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Where do the sympathetic fibers originate?
Thoracolumbar spinal cord (T1-L3)
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Where do the parasympathetic fibers originate?
Brain stem and sacral spinal cord
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Where do the fibers of the enteric system originate?
Within nerve plexi of GI tract
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What do preganglionic neurons use as neurotransmitters?
Just Ach
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What do postganglionic neurons use as neurotransmitters?
Ach or NE
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What is the functional control of the ANS?
- Heart rate
- Arterial BP
- GI motility and secretion
- urinary bladder emptying
- respiratory tract secretion
- airway resistance
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How do we adapt to the following environmental stimuli: light, temperature, stress
- light - pupillary constriction and dilation
- temperature - vasodilation and sweating; vasoconstriction
- stress - "fight or flight" response
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ANS action are reflexive, based on what?
GVA input to the CNS
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ANS can be altered by what state?
Emotional state
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Divergence permits what?
Signals to be sent with diffuse distribution to a target
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Receptors of the ANS are scattered widely over what?
Cell membrane without a defined "synapse"
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Receptors of effector cells can be ______ or _____
inhibited or stimulated
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What 3 structures provide AND efferents?
- Hypothalamus
- Brain
- Spinal cord
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Action at effector organs are dependant on what?
NT receptors present in the tissue (Ach, NE/EPI)
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What is the main coordinator of all ANS output?
Hypothalamus
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Midbrain, pons, and medulla contain nuclei that:
- Participate in visceral-motor outflow
- Are areas of synapse for GVA sensory input
- Project from GVA ganglia to GVE ganglia
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Spinal cord can provide what without any higher level input?
some reflex efferent outflow
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What do mechano & chemoreceptors provide?
Sensory receptors that provide GVA information
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DRG project to what?
Hypothalamus and reticular formation
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What projects to the solitary nucleus and/or vagus sensory nucleus?
- Geniculate ganglion (CN VII)
- Petrosal ganglion (CN IX)
- Nodose ganglion (CN X)
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Cholinergic neurons use what?
Acetylcholine
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Adrenergic neurons use what?
Norepinephrine
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Sympathetic neurons typically do not use what NT?
epinephrine
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Name the 5 pre-vertebral ganglia and what they control
- Superior cervical - eyes, salivary glands, heart
- Celiac - Stomach, small intestine
- Superior mesenteric - small and large intestine
- Inferior mesenteric - large intestine, anus, bladder and genitalia
- Adrenal medulla - Chromaffin cells of adrenal glands receive direct input from preganglionic sympathetic fibers
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Name 4 brainstem nuclei that contain pre-ganglionic neurons and what they control
- Eidnger-Westphal nucleus -> ciliary ganglion
- Superior salivary nucleus -> pterygopalatine & submandibular gnalgion
- Inferior salivatory nucleus -> otic ganglion
- Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus -> vagus nerve
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Sacral nuclei protect what 3 things via pelvic splanchnic nerves?
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Ciliary ganglion control what?
Pupil constriction, lens accomodation
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Pterygopalatine ganglion control what?
Lacrimal and salivary glands
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Submandibular ganglion control what?
Submandibular gland (Saliva)
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Otic ganglion controls what?
Parotid ganglion (saliva)
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Nicotinic receptors provide what?
Excitatory stimulus
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Muscarinic receptors provide what?
- Inhibitory (heart)
- Excitatory (smooth muscle, glands)
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Where are nicotinic receptors located?
All pre-to-post gnaglionic synapses
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Where are muscarinic receptors located?
- all parasympathetic-to-effector synpases
- some sympathetic-to-effector synpases
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What are the 4 types of receptors that bind NE and EPI?
- Alpha 1
- Alpha 2
- Beta 1
- Beta 2
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Where are Alpha 1 receptors located?
Vascular smooth muscle
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Activation of Alpha 1 receptors results in what?
Contraction (excitatory)
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Alpha 1 receptors have a low affinity for what?
NE and EPI
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Where are Alpha 2 receptors located?
- Smooth muscle of GI tract
- Synapse ofr pre-to-post ganglionic neurons
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Activation of Alpha 2 receptors produces what?
- Muscle relaxation
- Inhibition of firing of post ganglionic neuron
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Where are Beta 1 receptors located?
- SA and AV node
- Ventricular muscle
- Salivary glands
- Kidney
- Adipose tissue
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Activation of Beta 1 reeptors produces what?
- Increased HR, increased contractility
- Increased saliva secretion
- Increased renin secretion
- Increased mobilization of lipids for metabolism
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What kind of affinity does Beta 1 receptors have for NE and EPI?
High
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Where are Beta 2 receptors located?
- Bronchioles
- GI tract
- Urinary bladder
- Skeletal muscle vasculature
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Activation of Beta 2 reeptors results in what?
Relaxation or dilation (inhibition)
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Aside from binding their normal NT, receptors are capable of binding what?
Molecules that mimic the action of the normal NT
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Receptors can be blocked by agents that:
- Bind the receptor but don't activate the receptor
- Bind elsewhere but spatially block the receptor
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What are some nicotinic agonists?
-
What are some nicotinic antagonists?
-
What are some muscarinic agonists?
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What are some muscarinic antagonists?
Atropine
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