Chapter 10

Heating the DNA just below boiling causes the two strands to seperate

• Recognize forigen DNA and can break phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides on both strands of DNA. This breaks the strand
• In bacteria cell, this ability protects against incompatiable DNA of bacteriophages or plasmids.

Enzymes can be used to cleave DNA at desired sites and are important for techniques of recombinant DNA technology.

They can combine two different strands of DNA and are a huge important part of genetic engineering.

• Sequences of DNA that are identical when read from the 5'-3' direction on one strand, and the 5'3' direction on the other.
• The RE's can recognize and clip at base sequences called palindromes.

• They will base pair with complimentary tails on other DNA fragments/plasmids
• This makes it possible to splice genes into specific sites.

• Rapidly increases the amount of DNA in a sample without the need for making cultures or carrying out complex purification techniques.
• It holds the potential to detect cancer from a single cell or to diagnose an infection from a single gene copy.
• Makes it possible to replicate a target DNA from a few copies to billions in hours.

• Used to raise and lower temperature of DNA to perform PCR
• Enzymes isolated from the thermophilic bacteria remain active at the evevated temperatures used in PCR.

• 1. Denaturation: heat targets DNA and it seperates into two strands. Then it is cooled.
• 2. Priming: Primers are added that favors binding to complementary strand of test DNA. This prepares two DNA strands called amplicons for synthesis.
• 3. Extension: DNA polymerase and raw materials in form of nucleotides are added and two complete strands are produced.

• Deliberately remove genetic material from one organism and combine it with that of a different organism.
• To form genetic clones.

• 1. An origin of replication (ORI) this is needed somewhere on the vector so that it will be replicated by the DNA polymerase of the cloning host.
• 2. Vector must accept DNA of desired size.
• 3. Vectores typically contain a gene that confers druge resistance to their cloning host.

• Fast growth rate
• Grown in large quantities using ordinary culture methods
• Genome that is well mapped
• Nonpathogenic
• Capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors
• Maintains foreign genes through multiple generations