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Carcinoma
cancer that begins in the skin and tissue that lines or covers internal organs
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Sarcoma
cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.
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What are the 7 signs of cancer
- C hange in bowel habits
- A sore that does not heal
- U nusual bleeding or discharge from body
- T hickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- O bvious change in wart or mole
- N agging cough or hoarseness
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What is the only difinitive means of diagnosing cancer
Biopsy
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What is the name of a cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system?
lymphoma or myloma
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cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.
Leukemia
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What are the 3 main factors that cancers are staged on
- The size of the primary tumor
- Whether the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes
- Whether the tumor has spread to distnant areas
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Cachexia
extreme body wasting and malnutrition
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What is Prophylactic surgery
the removal of “at-risk” tissue to prevent cancer development.
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What is diagnostic surgery
- removal of all or part of a suspected lesion for examination and testing. It provides proof of the presence of cancer.
- Biopsy
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Curative Surgery
focused on removal of all cancer tissue.
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What is cancer control or cytoreductive surgery?
removing part of the tumor and leaving a known amount of gross tumor. It is also known as “debulking” surgery and alone cannot result in a cure. It decreases the number of cancer cells and increases the chances that other therapies can be successful.
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What is external beam radiation
- teletherapy
- delivery of radation from some distance from the target area
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What is internal beam radiation
- brachytherapy
- Involves placement of specially prepared radioisotopes directly into or near the tumor itself or into the systemic circulation.
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Why is chemotherapy administered through a central line?
to prevent necrosis
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When should an antiemetic be administered? Before or after chemo?
before
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What is the normal neutrophil count
Safe
Unsafe?
- 1500-8000
- 500-1500
- less than 500
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if thrombocyte count falls below _____, it is life threatening
10,000
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An appropriate nursing intervention to promote nutrition
in a cancer pt is:
encourage protein for immune system and normal cell recovery
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For what cancers are bone marrow transplants used for?
Why are they used with chemo?
- Leukemia, multiple myloma, and lymphoma
- to wipe out immune system so the marrow can be transplanted
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Where are tumor markers usually found
blood or urine
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Carcinoembyonic antigen (CEA)
Alphafetoprotien (AFP)
Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)
Bladder tumor antigen(BTA)
Prostatic Specific Antigen (PSA)
§Tumor Necrosis Factor
are all examples of what
Tumor markers
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