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Central Nervous System (CNS)
Includes brain and spinal cords
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Perheprial Nervous System (PNS)
All other nerves including all cranial and spinal cord nerves
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Afferent Nerve
Carries nerve impules TOWARD the CNS
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Efferent Nerve
AKA Motor Neuron/Nerve.
- Carrying impulses towards organs and AWAY
- from the CNS. The organs then
- respond to the impulse, usually by contracting or secreting (or not secreting).
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Somatic Nervous System
- Voluntary
- Skeletal Muscles
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Autonomic Nervous System
- Involuntary
- Usually goes to various organs and glands that respond to impulses.
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Effector Organ
Effector organs include landular secretion, organs that effect others, unlike sensory organs.
Example: muscles, glands
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Integration
analysis of input and a response is determined. Integration determines what the input means and maybe unconcious. The response is the activation of an effector organ.
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Sensory Organs
Examples:
1. Eyes (photoreceptors)
2. Taste buds - chemoreceptors
3. Ear (sound) - specialized mechanoreceptors
4. Touch receptors - mechanoreceptors
5. Olfaction (smell) - chemoreceptors
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Cell body
AKA Soma or Perikaryon (of neuron)
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Neuroglia cells
- AKA Glial Cells
- 5 Types:
- Astrocytes
- Microglia
- Oligodendrocytes
- Ependymal Cells
- Schwann Cells
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Satellite Cells
Cells that occur on the exterior of neruons in the PNS and do not conduct nerve impulses, they surround the cell body with ganglia
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Grey Matter
Nerve cell bodies
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White matter
Myelinated bundles of neurons (tracts or nerves)
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Myelin
Made by schwann cells and oligodendrites
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All or none phenomenon
Once threshold is released action potential is self-generating
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Salatory Conduction
jumping between nodes on ranvier, depolarization of the membrane occurs only at the nodes
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Types of Synapses
- Kinds of synapses:
- Axodendritic – axons to dendrites
Axosomatic – axons to cell bodies
Axoaxonic – axons to axons
Dendrodendritic –dendrites to dendrites
Dendrosomatic –dendrites to cell bodies
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Types of synapses
- Electrical- large protein channels that allow charged particles to go from one cell to another (can
- go either way in some instances) called “gap junctions”
Chemical-utilizes neurostransmitters
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Examples of Neurotransmitters
- Acetylcholine (ACh)
- Biogenic amines including
- dopamine,
- norepinephrine,
- epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
- Amino acids
- Peptides (neuropeptides)
- substance P, endorphins,enkephalins
- Others: ATP, NO, CO
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Blood from the entire digestive tract is funneled into the...
Hepatic portal vein
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The abominal aorta terminates in a bifuraction in which the two branches are termed the...
common iliac arteries
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Walls of arteries and viens differ largely in their...
relative thickness
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Capillaires are the smallest kind of blood vessel. The inside diameter of capillaries are about...
Trick question! Extremely variable
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The lining of all blood vessels is composed of...
Endothelium
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Artieries usually connect to vessels called
Arterioles
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Bundles of nerve fibers in the CNS are called...
Tracts
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If one wanted to find nerological nuclei (not cell nuclei), one would look ...
Among tracts of the spinal cord
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Where would one look for an internuron
In the grey matter of spinal cord
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Heart beats are controlled by a series of specialized cardiac muscles fibers within the mycoradium that act like nerves and stimulate the heart. These fibers are referred to as:
The conducting system
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When a mycardial infarction occurs within the mycoardium, what happens?
Heart muscle dies
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The respiratory membrane in the lungs is found in...
The lining of the alveoli
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