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what are hormones?
messengers, controlling and coordination activities throughout the body by affecting diverse processes
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what do hormones control?
growth, development, reproduction, sexual characteristics, the fluid volume, mineral balance, uses and stores carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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what are the classical glands of the endocrine system?
adrenal, pituitary, pancreas, pineal, thyroid
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adipose tissue make what major hormone? what does that hormone do?
leptin- surpresses appetite
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what is a neurohormone?
a chemical that a neuron secretes
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T/F pancreas functions as both endocrine and exocrine
T
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the most non-specific lipid carrier is...
albumin
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where can hormone receptors be located?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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water soluble hormones have receptors located where?
plasma membrane
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lipid soluble hormones have receptors located where?
cytoplasm or nucleus
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what is upregulation of hormone receptors?
low hormone concentration that increases the number of receptors
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what is downregulation of hormone receptors?
high hormone concentration that decreases the number of receptors
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downregulation is also called?
desensitize
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upregulation is also called?
sensitize
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how are hormone receptors are made?
nucleus - translation - transcription - golgi complex - protein synthesis - receptor - membrane
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steroid hormones are derived from...
cholesterol
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what are steroid hormones secreted by?
adrenal cortex (corticosteroids) and gonads
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are steorid hormones water or lipid soluble?
lipid
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amines are dervied from...
tyrosine and tryptophan
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where are amines secreted from?
adrenal medulla and thyroid glands
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the amines that are secreted by the adrenal medulla are water or lipid soluble?
water
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the amines that are secreted by the thyroid glands are water or lipid soluble?
lipid
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what are the hormones in the adrenal medulla called?
catecholamines
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what are the 3 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?
epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
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where are the adrenal medulla receptors located?
plasma membrane
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what are the 2 hormones that the thyroid gland secretes?
T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (tetraiodothyronine)
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thyroid hormones are water or lipid soluble?
lipid
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polypeptides, proteins and glycoproteins are all derived from?
amino acids
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polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins are secreted by what glands?
anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, and pancreas
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are polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins water or lipid soluble?
water
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what does the antidiuertic hormone do?
water retention and vasoconstriction
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what does the oxytocin hormone do?
uterine and mammary contraction
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what does insulin hormone do?
cellular glucose uptake, lipogenesis and glycogenesis
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what does glucagon hormone do?
hydrolysis of stored glycogen and fat
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what does the hormone ACTH do?
stimulation of adrenl cortex
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where is growth hormone 200 AA located?
anterior pituitary
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what is synergistic?
2 or more hormones work together to produce a additive or complementary result
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what is permissive?
hormone enhances the responsiveness of a target cell to a different hormone
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what is antagonistic?
1 hormone inhibits the secretion or actions of another hormone
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hormone concentration fluctuations are called?
circadian rhythm
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where is the "master clock" located?
hypothalamus
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the endocrine function of the pancreas is the...
islets of langerhans
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islets of langerhorn produce what hormone in what cell?
insulin in the beta cell
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alpha cells in the islets of langerhorn produces what?
glucagon
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what is facilitated diffusion?
high concentration to low concentration
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where is GLUT-1 located? 5 areas
erythrocytes, brain, microvessels, kidneys, placenta
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does GLUT-1 respond to insulin?
no
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where is GLUT-4 located? 3 areas
skeletal muscle, fat, heart
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does GLUT-4 respond to insulin?
yes
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normal range of blood glucose concentration is...
60-120 mL/dl
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when blood glucose is low in the beta cells of the pancreas what happens?
- 1. low glucose
- 2. metabolism slows
- 3. ATP decreases
- 4. potassium channels open
- 5. cells at resting membrane potenital
- - no insulin released
- 6. calcuim channels closed
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when blood glucose is high in the beta cells of the pancreas what happens?
- 1. high glucose
- 2. metabolism increases
- 3. ATP increases
- 4. potassium channels close
- 5. cell depolarizes and calcium channels open
- 6. calcium entry acts as an intrcellular signal
- 7. calcium signal triggers exocytosis and insulin is secreted
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what are the 4 regulators of insulin secretion?
- 1. blood glucose concentration
- 2. blood amino acid levels
- 3. autonomic nervous system
- 4. gastric inhibitory peptide
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does arginine and lysine increase or decrease insulin secretion?
increase
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does parasympathetic system increase or decrease insulin secretion?
increase
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why does the sympathetic system decrease insulin secretion?
not responsive to insulin
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does gastric inhibitory peptide increase or decrease insulin secretion?
decrease (released right away)
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what cells secrete glucagon?
alpha cells of the pancreas
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is glucagon water or lipid soluble?
water
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what is the primary action of glucagon?
increase blood glucose in the liver by gluconeogenesis
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what are the 3 regulators of glucagon secretion?
blood glucose concentration, amino acids, autonomic nervous system
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when blood glucose concentration decreases, what happens to glucagon?
increases
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when amino acids increases, what happens to glucagon?
increases
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when parasympathetic system increases, what happens to glucagon secretion?
decreases
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when sympathetic system increases, what happend to glucagon secretion?
increases
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what are the 3 hormones in the posterior pituitary gland?
oxytocin, ADH, peptide hormones
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growth hormone is water or lipid soluble?
water
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what are the 2 primary actions of GH?
- 1. growth/anabolism in some organs
- 2. catabolism of glycogen and triglycerides
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GH is secreted where?
anterior pituitary
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what does the GH target?
liver and most cells
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actions of GH are carried out by...
insulin-like growth factors which functionas hormones and as autocrine and paracrine regulators
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factors that influence GH secretions
deep sleep, low blood concentrations, stress, amino acids
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the primary action of GH for regulating blood glucose occurs where? And what are the metabolic system that go along with them?
liver (glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis) and adipose tissue (lipolysis)
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the secondary action of GH for regulating blood glucose occurs where? And what is the metabolic system that goes along with it?
muscle (glycogenolysis)
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what are the 2 diseases known with overproduction of GH?
gigantism (during childhood) and acromegaly (after puberty)
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what are the 3 zones in the adrenal gland called?
zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis
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what does the zona glomerulosa in the adreal gland secrete?
mineralocorticoids
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what does the zona fasiculata and zona reticularis in the adrenal gland secrete?
glucocorticoids
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what kind of hormone is cortisol?
steroid
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is cortisol lipid or water soluble?
lipid
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what effect does glucocorticoids have on the blood?
increases free fatty acids, ketone bodies, glucose, amino acids
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what disease is known for increase cortisol?
cushings syndrome
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what is the primary effect of epinephrine?
stimulate glycogenolysis in the liver and muscle and lipolysis in adipose tissue
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glucagon and cortisol have what effect on protein metabolism?
increase proteolysis
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