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Common features of all forms of life:
- order (organized structure)
- regulation
- energy processing
- response to the environment
- reproduction, growth & development
- evolutionary adaptation
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Basic building block of life:
cell
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Homeostasis:
maintain a stable, balanced, internal condition.
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3 domains (groups) of life:
- Archaea: like bacteria, prokaryotic, most are unicellular and microscopic.
- Bacteria: prokaryotic, most are unicellular and microscopic.
- Eukarya: eukaryotic, and contains a nucleus and organelles.
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Independent variable:
"built-in" variable the scientist controls.
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Dependent variable:
results
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Matter:
anything that has a mass and takes up space.
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Elements:
pure substances that can't be broken down into other substances.
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Atom:
smallest unit of matter.
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Compound:
2 or more different elements mixed together in a fixed ratio.
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Atomic #=
= protons; always smallest number
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Mass #=
= protons + neutrons; always bigger number
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Neutron count=
- = mass # - atomic #
- or biggest - smallest
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Isotopes:
atoms of the same element, but have a different amount of neutrons.
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Duet rule:
Octet rule:
inner shell can hold a max of 2 electrons.
outer shells(s) can hold a max of 8 electrons.
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Outer shell of an atom is called:
Valence shell
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Ionic bond:
giving and taking of electron(s) to fulfill octet rule and results in IONS.
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Covalent bond:
-sharing of electrons to fulfill octet rule (strong bond).
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Hydrogen bond
weak bond between molecules where + charged hydrogen is attracted to - pole of another molecule.
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Molecule:
group of covalently bonded atoms.
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Non-polar covalent bond:
equal sharing of electrons, no change in charge.
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Polar covalent bond:
unequal sharing of electrons, change in charge.
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Hydrogen bonds form ________ molecules, covalent bonds form ________.
between; within water molecules.
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Solution:
mix of 2 or more substances.
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Solute:
substance being dissolved in a solution.
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Solvent:
dissolves solute.
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Hydrophillic:
likes water; polar/ionic
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Like dissolves Like:
if a solute is chemically similar (bond type) then the solute will dissolve well in the solvent.
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Cohesion:
hydrogen bonds hold water molecules tightly together.
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Adhesion:
hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other polar materials.
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Acid:
substances that donate H+.
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Base:
substance that donates OH; absorbes H+
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Buffer:
minimize changes in pH.
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Organic substances have ______, which can form ___ covalent bonds.
carbon; 4
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Functional group:
attachment pieces that give the molecule a certain function or characteristic.
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Macromolecules:
BIG molecules
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Dehydration reaction:
removes water to bond monomers together to form polymers.
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Hydrolysis:
add water to break apart polymers back into monomers.
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What kinds of fat should be avoided?
Saturated and Trans. fat
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Carbohydrate:
-Monomer:
-Polymer:
-Reaction:
-Function/purpose:
-example:
- -monosaccharide
- -polysaccharide
- -dehydration
- -provide quick-burning energy
- -bread, noodles, cereal
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Lipid:
-Monomer:
-Polymer:
-Reaction:
-Function/purpose:
-example:
- -no true monomer; triglyceride
- -n/a
- -dehydration
- -stored energy, insulation, water-proofing
- -blubber, butter, waxes, steroids
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Protein:
-Monomer:
-Polymer:
-Reaction:
-Function/purpose:
-example:
- -amino acid
- -polypeptide
- -dehydration
- -long-burning energy, support/structure, enzymes, motion
- -pork, beef, tofu
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Nucleic Acid:
-Monomer:
-Polymer:
-Reaction:
-Function/purpose:
-example:
- -nucleotide
- -polynucleotide
- -dehydration
- -blueprint for body
- -DNA, RNA
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