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Define the Nervous system
A network of trillions of cells organized to form the body's rapid control system.
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Define the Central Nervous System
Consists of the brain and spinal column
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Define the Peripheral Nervous System
"Everything Else" ie peripheral nerves
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List the four main functions of the nervous system
- 1. Detect and Transmit
- 2. Analyze information
- 3. make a decision (may be conscious or unconscious)
- 4. Execute a response
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Describe the composition of the Reflex Pathway
- 1. Afferent (sensory) pathway- PNS-CNS
- 2. Efferent (motor) pathway- CNS to organs
- 3. Interneuronal pathways- Within the CNS only
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Define cranial nerves
12 pairs of peripheral nerves originating primarily from the brain
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Define spinal nerves
messages to and from the brain via the spinal cord
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S.A.I.D.?
Sensory. Afferent. Input. Dorsal.
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M.O.V.E.
Motor. Output. Ventral. Efferent
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List the four main regions of the spinal cord
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral
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Define Visceral Sensory
Information coming from the internal organs
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Define autonomic efferent
Information going to the internal organs
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Define Somatic Sensory
Information coming from touch, pressure, temperature etc.
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Define Somatic motor
Information going to the skeletal muscle
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What is a Dermatome?
The area of skin innervated by sensory axons of nerves
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What is a Myotome?
A collection of muscle fibers innervated by the motor axons of each nerve
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Starting from top to bottom, what is the arrangement of sensory, motor, and autonomic nuclei within the spinal cord?
- somatic sensory
- visceral sensory
- autonomic efferent
- somatic motor
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What is the purpose of this arrangement?
This separation prevents cross-talk within the spinal cord
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What are ascending tracts?
Sensory information form the spinal cord to the brain
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What are descending tracts?
Information from the brain to the spinal cord
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What is the purpose of ascending and descending tracts?
Linking the peripheral nerves to the brain
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Explain how one side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
Pathways form the PNS crossover to the opposite side of the CNS
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List the four lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
- Frontal
- Parietal
- Occipital
- Temporal
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Name the 2 classes of cholinergic receptors
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What do Nicotinic receptors do?
Open Na+/K+ channels (ionotropic)
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What do muscarinic receptors do?
G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic)
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Name the five common adrenergic receptor sub-types
- alpha 1
- alpha 2
- beta 1
- beta 2
- beta 3
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Where are the alpha 1 receptors found?
most vascular smooth muscle/pupils (NE>E)
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Where are the alpha 2 receptors found?
CNS, platelets, autoreceptors, some vascular smooth muscle and adipose tissue (NE>E)
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Where are the beta 1 receptors found?
CNS, cardiac muscle and kidneys (NE=E)
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Where are the beta 2 receptors found?
some blood vessels, respiratory tract, uterus (E>NE)
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Where are the beta 3 receptors found?
adipose tissue (NE=E)
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Sympathetic nervous system?
Fight or flight
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Parasympathetic nervous system?
Rest and digest
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Explain dual innervation
an area can be stimulated by SNS or PSNS
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What is the structure of the sympathetic nervous system?
- origin in the thoracic/ lumbar
- Ganglia found close to the spinal cord (short pre, long post)
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What is the structure of the parasympathetic nervous system?
- Origin in the brain and the spinal cord
- Ganglia lie close to target organ (long pre, short post)
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List the neurotransmitters released in the pre- and post- ganglionic cells along with their receptors of the sympathetic nervous system
- pre- Ach-Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
- post- NE-adrenergic receptors
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List the neurotransmitters released in the pre- and post- ganglionic cells along with their receptors of the parasympathetic nervous system
- Pre- Ach-Cholinergic nicotinic receptors
- Post- Ach- cholinergic muscarinic receptors
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Define/describe the neruoeffector junction
synapse between an efferent neuron and its effector(target) organ
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Describe the structure of the somatic motor division
A single neuron starts in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and ends in target tissue (skeletal muscle)
excitation=contraction
CNS-Ach-Nicotinic-skeletal muscle
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Describe the neuromuscular junction
Between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle
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Describe the motor end plate
specialized region of a skeletal muscle fiber's plasma membrane containing Ach nicotinic receptors
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Define a motor unit
Group of muscle fibers and the single motor neuron that controls them
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