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Levels of Structure
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ System
- Organism
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Homeostasis
- •Maintenance of a
- relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes.
- •A dynamic state of
- equilibrium.
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Ventral / anterior
- Towards the front of the body
- In front of
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Dorsal / Posterior
- In the rear of the body
- behind
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Superior / cranial
- Towards the head or upper part of the body
- Above
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Medial
- Towards the midline
- on the inner side of
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Lateral
- Away from the midline of the body
- on the outer side of
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Intermediate
Between a more medial and lateral structure.
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Proximal
Closer to the origin of an extremity.
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Distal
Farther from the origin of attachment to the body.
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Superficial
Towards or at the body surface.
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Deep
Away from the surface of the body.
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frontal plane
Divides the body in front and rear halves.
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Median or midsagittal plane
Divides the body into left and right halfs
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Transverse Plane
Divides the body into top and bottom.
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Dorsal Body Cavity
- Vertibral Cavity
- Cranial Cavity
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Cranial Cavity
contains the brain
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Vertibral Cavity
Spinal cord
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Ventral body cavity
- Contains:
- Thoracic Cavity
- abdominopelvic cavities
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Thoracic Cavity
Contains Heart and lungs
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Sub divisions of thoracic cavity.
- Superior Mediastinum
- Plural Cavity
- Pericardial cavity within mediastinum
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Abdominal Cavity
Contains digestive viscera
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Pelvic Cavity
- contains urinary tract
- reproductive organs
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Elements that make up 96% of body mass
- Oxygen
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Nitrogen
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Neutron Weight
1 atomic mass unit
-
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Electrons
- = to the number of protons
- 1/2000th of mass
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Ionic Bonds
- Ions are formed by transfer of valence shell electrons between atoms
- Attraction of opposite
- charges results in an ionic bond
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Water
- 60-80% volume of living cells.
- Absorbs heat with little temp. change.
- Used as cooling mechanism.
- Dissolves ionic substances.
- Body's main transport medium.
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Carbohydrates
- Sugars and starches.
- Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen.
- Three classes:
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Major source of cellular
- fuel
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Lipids
- Contains O,C,H and sometimes P
- Insoluble in water
- Main types:
- Neutral fats or triglycerides
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
- Eicosanoids
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Proteins
- Polymers of Amino acids (20 types)
- Joined by peptide bonds
- Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
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Enzymes
- Biological catalysts.
- Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction (millions of reactions per minute!).
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Membrane Transport
- Plasma membranes are selectively permeable.
- Some molecules easily pass through the membrane; others do not.
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What is the difference between active and passive transport?
- Active: Requires carrier proteins (solute pumps)
- Moves solutes against concentration gradient. Only in living cells.
- Passive transport: no cellular energy (ATP) required.
- Substances move down it's concentration gradient.
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Simple Diffusion
- Kinetic energy
- Movement of O2 through phospholipid bilayer
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Facilitated Diffusion
- Kinetic energy
- Movement of glucose into cells
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Osmosis
- Kinetic energy
- Movement of H2O through phospholipid bilayer or AQPs
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Rough Er
Smooth Er
- Smooth \/
Rough /\
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nucleus, Golgi apparatus, RER, mitochondria, cell
membrane
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DNA
The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.
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RNA
RNA molecules play an active role in cells by catalyzing biological reactions
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Chromatin
- Threadlike strands of DNA(30%)
- histone proteins (60%)
- and RNA (10%)
- •Arranged in fundamental
- units called nucleosomes
- •Condense into barlike
- bodies called chromosomes when the cell starts to divide
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Transcription
Transfers DNA gene base sequence to a complementary base sequence of an mRNA
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Translation
- Converts base sequence of
- nucleic acids into the amino acid sequence of proteins
- Involves mRNAs, tRNAs, and
- rRNAs
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list the stages of mitosis in order
- Interphase
- •Prophase
- •Metaphase
- •Anaphase
- •Telophase
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What stage of mitosis does DNA synthesis take place.
Interphase
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Properties of Water.
- High surface tension because of hydrogen bonds.
- 60-80% of living cells
- Prevents sudden temperature change.
- Disolves ionic compounds.
- Transport Medium
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carbohydrates
- •Sugars and starches
- •Contain C, H, and O [(CH20)n]
- •Three classes
- •Monosaccharides
- •Disaccharides
- •Polysaccharides
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lipids
- •Contain
- C, H, O (less than in carbohydrates), and sometimes P
- •Insoluble in water
- •Main types:
- •Neutral fats or triglycerides
- •Phospholipids
- •Steroids
- •Eicosanoids
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proteins
- Polymers of amino acids (20 types)
- Joined by peptide bonds
- Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
-
Enzymes
- Biological catalysts
- Lower the activation energy, increase the speed of a reaction
- (millions of reactions per minute!)
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