Bio

Metabolism consists of anabolism + catabolism

nutrients are proteins, carbohydrates, fats; proteins break down into amino acids; carbohydrates break down into glucose; fats break down into glycerol + fatty acids;

is removal of amino groups from amino acids to produce urea, primary excretory product of humans

is build-up of larger molecules from small ones; anabolism requires energy; energy supplied by ATP

is step-wise release of energy from molecules; aerobic respiration requires O2 and gives off CO2

Oxygen is inhaled and Glucose ingested as food carried through blood into cells of digestive tract, then into mitochondria; ATP produced + CO2, which is exhaled from lungs

Glucose + 6 O2 in presence of ADP + P → 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + ATP (HIGH ENERGY)Almost all organisms on land or in water carry on cellular respiration

coenzymes are organic non-protein molecules and help enzymes function properly

Glycolysis + Preparatory Reaction + Citric Acid Cycle + Electron Transport Chain

takes place within cytoplasm but outside of mitochondria; produces pyruvate and net gain of 2 ATPs

pyruvate transported into mitochondria and is oxidized into C2 acetyl group;

cyclical series of reactions that give off CO2 and produce 1 ATP per cycle; cycle runs twice for each glucose metabolized; therefore, 2 ATPs produced

is series of carriers that accept electrons (but not H+) removed from glucose; occurs across membrane of cristae; results in 32 or 34 ATPs

involves breakdown of Glucose into CO2 + Water + Energy in form of ATP

is breakdown of Glucose (6 carbons) into two Pyruvates (each is 3 carbons)

two ATPs used to activate Glucose into two C3 molecules

four ATPs synthesized; four ATPs minus two ATPS = NET GAIN of two ATPs

Occurs in matrix of mitochondria

produces a molecules that can enter Citric Acid Cycle

hydrogen atoms removed from Pyruvate

Occurs within matrix of mitochondria

two citrates produced from each Glucose metabolizedOutput of Citric Acid Cycle: 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + H+ 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP

Located in cristae of mitochondria

energy is used to produce ATP

are electron carriers in Electron Transport Chain

occurs within Inter-membrane Space of cristae; synthesis of ATPs

produces net gain of 32 or 34 ATP molecules

2 ATPs

2 ATPs

yields 32 or 34 ATPs

is 36 or 38 ATPs

is 39% of available energy from one glucose

occurs when no Oxygen available

refers to lack of oxygen

When oxygen is not available, two Pyruvates formed from one Glucose is converted into two Lactates + net gain of two ATPs

pyruvates converted into two alcohols + two CO2 + net gain of two ATPs

Lactate is Lactic Acid; lactic acid in blood lowers pH; makes muscles “burn”

is amount of oxygen needed to convert lactate back into pyruvate