Bio

kinetic energy is energy of motion; potential energy is stored energy; chemical energy is potential energy contained in chemical bonds of organic compounds; mechanical energy is type of kinetic energy

Law of conservation of energy; Energy cannot be created or destroyed; Energy can be changed from one form to another form

when energy changed from one form to another, there is loss of usable energy; energy transformation increases entropy of the universeEntropy is measure of disorder or randomness

Entropy, potential energy decreases and one less stable compound is changed into two smaller stable compounds

the sun

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in cellCatabolism (breaking down) and Anabolism (building up)

amount of energy available to do work

releases energy

requires energy

is carrier of energy in cells

ATP

produces ATP

requires ATP to proceed

chemical work; transport work; mechanical work

is series of linked reactions

is a biological catalyst that speeds up chemical reaction

participates in reaction but is NOT used up by reaction

they increase rate of a reaction

Substrates of the reaction

amount of energy that reactants must absorb before reaction will start

Enzymes

active site of enzyme forms complex with substrate

Enzymes form Enzyme-Substrate complex

suffix of –ASE means enzyme

Substrate concentrationTemperature and pHEnzyme activationEnzyme inhibitionEnzyme Co-factors; Co-factors = Coenzymes = Vitamins

Reduction and Flow of Energy

same as loss of Hydrogen ions

same as gain of Hydrogen ions

refers to coupled Oxidation – Reduction reaction

does NOT always involve oxygen in reaction

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy → Glucose + 6 O2

CO2 gains Hydrogen; CO2 is reduced and changed into glucose; H2O loses Hydrogen; H2O is oxidized and changed into O2

Glucose + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

Glucose loses Hydrogen; Glucose is oxidized and changed into CO2; O2 gains Hydrogen; O2 is reduced and becomes H2O

together are example of Redox reaction