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Medications used to treat bacterial infections.
Antibiotics
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7 Classes of Antibiotics
- Sulfonamides
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Tetracylcines
- Macrolides
- Aminoglycosides
- Quinolones
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Signs and Symptoms of Systemic Infections
Fever, Chills, Fatigue, Weight loss, Increased WBC count
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S/S of Non-systemic Infections
Swelling, Warmth, Redness
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Therapy used in an emergency situation where causative organism is not known. Uses broad spectrum antibiotic.
Empiric Therapy
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Therapy used to prevent an infection
Prophylactic Therapy
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Decrease is specific s/s of infection are noted
Therapeutic response
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S/S of infection do not improve
Subtherapeutic response
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Reasons drug therapy may not work.
Wrong route, drainage from an abscess, not enough or not administered long enough
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When antibiotics reduce or eliminate the body's normal flora and allows other bacteria or fungi to take over.
Superinfection
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Four Mechanisms of Action (MOA)
- 1-Interference of cell wall synthesis
- 2-Protein synthesis
- 3-DNA replication
- 4-Antimetabolite actions
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What does a bactericidal do?
Kills bacteria
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Inhibits growth of susceptible bacteria, rather than killing them immediately.
Bacteriostatic
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Action of Sulfonamides
Bacteriostatic
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Prevents synthesis of folic acid required for synthesis of purines and nucleic acid
Sulfonamides
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Used to treat UTIs, nocardiosis, PCP (commonly found in HIV patients), Upper respiratory infections
Sulfonamides
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Sulfonamide comination drugs..
Bactrim and Septra
trimethoprim/sulfomethoxazole
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Sulfonamide combination drugs..
Pediazole
erythromysin/sulfisoxazole
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Sulfonamide.. Gantrisin
sulfisoxazole
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Side effects to Sulfonamides
Aplastic anemia, photosensitivity, exfoliative dermatitis, nausea, vomiting, pancreatitis, SJ syndrome, Epidermal necrolysis
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This antibiotic can cause convulsions in infants because of displacement of billirubin from albumin.
Sulfonamides
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Things to watch for when administering Sulfonamides to patients
RBC count, renal function, take WITH food, fluid intake of 2000-3000mL/day
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Two antibiotics derived from mold fungus
Penicillin and Cephalosporins
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Action of Penicillin
Bertericidal
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Four subgroups of penicillin
- Natural
- Penicillinase-resistant
- Aminopenicillins
- Extended-spectrum
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2 Types of Natural Penicillins
penicillin G, penicillin V potassium
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4 Types of Penicillinase-resistant penicillins
- cloxacillin
- dicloxacillin
- nafcillin
- oxacillin
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3 Types of Aminopenicillins
- amoxicillin
- ampicillin
- bacampicillin
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3 Types of Extended-spectrum penicillins
- piperacillim
- ticarcillin
- carbenicillin
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This antibiotic is used to kill gram-positive bacteria (Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus)
penicillin
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Patients taking penicillin should be monitored for at least _______ after administration
30 minutes
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Things to avoid when taking penicillin
Caffeine, citrus, soda, fruit and tomato juice
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T or F
It is always best to take Penicillin on an empty stomach
True
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When taking penicillin what should you teach patients to take with it to prevent superinfection?
Buttermilk, yogurt, cultured dairy products
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Combination of beta-lactamase inhibitors and penicillin..
Unasyn
sulbactam/ampicillin
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Combination of beta-lactamase inhibitors and penicillin..
Augmentin
clavulanic/amoxicillin
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Combination of beta-lactamase inhibitors and penicillin..
Timentin
clavulanic/ticarcillin
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Combination of beta-lactamase inhibitors and penicillin..
Zosyn
tazobactam/pipercillin
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