Irene gold General Anatomy

pharyngeal arch - pharyngeal pouches from lateral walls of the anterior portion of the foregut form branchial arches (Arches are NOT the same as Pouches!)

CN V (mandibular), forms on day 22 --> muscles of mastication (Temporalis, Internal pterygoid, Masseter, External ptyergoid "TIME"), tensor tympani, tensor veli palantini, mandible, maleus, incus

CN VII (hyoid), forms on day 24 --> muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, stapedius, posterior belly of digastric, stapes, styloid process, cornu of hyoid

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) --> stylopharyngeus (only muscle that CN IX is motor for), body of the hyoid, greater cornu, thymus

CN X --> cricothyroid, levator veli palatini, muscles of the larynx, laryngeal cartilages

same as 4th and includes recurrent laryngeal nerve

• notochord --> nucleus pulposus
• Mesodermal somites:
• slcerotome --> membranous vertebral column
• myotome --> muscle (somatic - skeletal, splanchnic - smooth, epimere - dorsal/posterior, hypomere - ventral/anterior)
• dermatome - nerves

chondrification is mesoderm being replaced by cartilage, ossification is cartilage being replaced by bone (primary occurs before birth, secondary after birth)

foregut is from mouth to beginning of the duodenum, midgut is from duodenum to the first 2/3 of transverse colon, hindgut is from last 1/3 of transverse colon to the anal canal

vagus is parasympathetic supply to the first 2/3 of transverse colon, S2 to 4 is parasympathetic to the last 1/3 of transverse colon

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, present in the fourth to eighth weeks of development

mesoderm, endoderm and ectoderm

epithelial parts of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, pharynx, thyroid, tympanic cavity, pharyngotympanic tube, tonsils, parathyroid; epithelium of GI tract, liver, pancreas, urinary bladder and

• Head --> skull muslces and connective tissue, teeth
• paraxial --> muscles of trunk, skeleton, dermis, connective tissue
• intermediate --> urogenital system including gonads, ducts and accessory glands
• lateral --> connective tissue and muscle of viscera and limbs, serous membranes of pleura, pericardium and peritoneum, blood and lymph cells, cardiovascular and lymphatic system, spleen, adrenal cortex

• surface ectoderm --> epidermis, hair, nails, cutaneous and mammary glands, anterior pituitary gland, enamel of teeth, inner ear, lens
• neuroectoderm:
• nerual crest --> cranial and sensory ganglia and nerves, medualla of suprarenal gland, pigment cells, branchial arch cartilages, head mesenchyme
• neural tube --> central nervous system, retina, pineal gland, posterior pituitary

• Simple - one layer - squamous (lines blood vessels, lymph), cuboidal and columnar (lines glands and digestive tract)
• pseudostratified columnar - lines respiratory tract
• Stratified - several layers - squamous (lines oral cavity, esophagus, rectum, vagina), columnar (reproductive tract), transitional (urinary tract)

alveoli, capillaries, blood and lymph vessels, allows air diffusion

vagina, esophagus, skin, oral cavity, anal canal "satisfying stratified"

kidney tubules, choroid plexus, glands and digestive tract - CSF production, ependymal cells

Urinary bladder, ureters, kidney - allows expansion

stomach, intestinal tract, glands and digestive tract

reproductive tract

respiratory tract (cilia = filter)

coronal (divide anterior from posterior), sagittal (divide left from right), transverse/horizontal (divide top from bottom)

secondary curve which forms when baby begins to lift head, circular body, triangular canal

present at birth, heart shaped body, oval or circular canal

secondary curve, forms when begin crawling, kidney shaped body, triangular/trefoil canal, apex is at L3, L5 spinous is the smallest

thyroid (C4-C5), cricoid (C6) and epiglottis are single; arytenoids (forms attachment for vocal cords), corniculates, cuneiforms are paired

Stenson's (opposite 2nd molar - parotid gland), Wharton's (submandibular gland), Bartholin's (sublingual), wirsung (main pancreatic), santorini (accessory pancreatic)

interphase (resting), prophase (nuclear membrane disappears), metaphase (chromosomes toward poles), anaphase (chromatids toward poles), telophase (separation of chromosmones)

SCM, midline/neck, inferior border of mandible are the boundaries, salivary glands, larynx, thyroid glands are inside

SCM, posterior digastric muscle and omohyoid are the boundaries, carotid arteries, inferior jugular vein, vagus nerve are inside

Digastric muscle (both parts) and inferior border of mandible, salivary glands are inside

SCM, omohyoid muscle, midline of neck are boundaries, larynx, trachea, thyroid are inside

digastric muscle and hyoid bone are the boundaries, muslces of the floor of the mouth, salivary glands and ducts are inside

SCM, trapezius muscle and clavicle are boundaries, nerves and vessels are inside

SCM, trapezius muscle, omohyoid muscle are boundaries, cervical plexus and accessory nerve are inside

SCM, omohyoid muscle, clavicle are boundaries, brachial plexus and subclavian artery are inside

RCP major, RCP minor, Oblique capitus superior, oblique capitus inferior are boundaries, suboccipital nerve is dorsal primary ramus of C1, vertebral artery are inside

kidneys, adrenal glands, colon (ascending and descending), most of duodenum, aorta, Inferior vena cava and pancreas

• mesentery - connects organs to the posterior abdominal wall
• ligaments - connects one organ to another
• greater omentum - connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon
• lesser omentum - connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
• epiploic foramen - opening between the greater and lesser peritoneal sacs, also called foramen of Winslow

no major structures, areolar tissue and lymph nodes

heart and pericardium, ascending aorta, lower 1/2 of the superior vena cava, phrenic nerve, pulmonary artery and vein

trachea, esophagus, thymus, arch of aorta, superior vena cava superior 1/2, thoracic duct, vagus nerve, cardiac nerve, phrenic nerve, recurrent laryngeal nerve

thoracic and descending aorta, carini, bronchi, esophagus, azygous and hemiazygous veins, throacic duct, vagus nerve, splanchnic nerve

• sinus venarum - smooth space between openings of the inferior and superior vena cava
• fossa ovalis - depression on the interatrial septum, a remnant of foramen ovale
• pectinate muscles - comblike ridges only found in the atria
• chordae tendinae - tendinous strands attached to papillary muscles and valve cusps
• papillary muscles - processes off the muscular walls of ventricles

right lung has horizontal fissure (at T6 vertebral level), right and left lung both have oblique fissures

trachea --> bronchus (1, 2, 3) --> bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar duct --> alveolar sac --> alveolus

the right is shorter, more vertical and broader

omo means shoulder, mylo means molar, geni means chin

Mylohyoid, Stylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Digastric "MSG Die"

Thyrohyoid, Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid "TOSS"

Temporalis, Masseter, Internal pterygoid (medial pterygoid), External (lateral -depresses the jaw) pterygoid

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Gastrocnemius, Achilles tendon, Soleus "step on the GAS"

Supraspinatus (abduction, supracapular nerve), Infraspinatus (external rotation, suprascapular nerve), Teres minor (external rotation, axillary nerve), Subscapularis (internal rotation, subscapularis nerve) "SITS"

thoracodorsal

Long Thoracic (SALT)

rhomboids and levator scapulae

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

deltoid and teres minor

Musculocutaneous nerve, two heads (long and short), flexion and supination of arm

Musculocutaneous nerve, adduction of arm

Radial nerve, three heads (long, medial, lateral), extension and abduction of arm, extension of forearm

Musculocutaneous and radial nerve, flexion of forearm

biceps and coracobrachialis

Triceps and brachialis

radial nerve, flexion of forearm

Median nerve, flexion of fingers and wrist

Anterior interosseous nerve, pronation of forearm

Median nerve, Pronation of forearm

Median nerve, flexion and abduction of wrist

Ulnar nerve, flexion and adduction of wrist

Median and ulnar nerve, flexion of fingers and wrist

Median nerve, flexion of thumb and wrist

median nerve, flexion of wrist and tension of palmar fascia

Brachioradialis, Pronator quadratus and teres, palmaris longus and flexor muscles

radial nerve, extension of forearm

Radial nerve, supination of forearm

radial nerve, abduction and extension of thumb, abduction of wrist

Radial nerve, Extesnion and abduction of wrist

radial nerve, extension and abduction of wrist

radial nerve, extesion and adduction of wrist

radial nerve, extension of little finger and wrist

radial nerve, extension of fingers and wrist

radial nerve, extension and abduction of the thumb

radial nerve, extension of thumb

Anconeus, supinator, abductor pollicus longus, extesnor muscles

Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, femoral nerve, flex thigh, extend leg

fermoral nerve, flex thigh and leg, laterally rotate thigh and medially rotate leg

Quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis), sartorius

obturator nerve, adduction, flexion and lateral rotation of thigh

obturator nerve, adduction, flexion and lateral rotation of thigh

obturator and tibial nerves, adduction, extension and lateral rotation of thigh

obturator nerve, adduction of thigh, flex leg

obturator and femoral nerves, adduction and flexion of thigh

adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis, pectinius

Long head (tibial nerve) and short head (peroneal nerve), flexion and lateral rotation of leg, extension of thigh

tibial nerve, flexion and medial rotation of leg, extension of thigh

tibial nerve, flexion and medial roatation of leg, extension of thigh

biceps femoris, semimembranosis, semitendinosis

Superior gluteal nerve, tense fascia lata

inferior gluteal nerve, extension and abduction and lateral rotation of thigh

superior gluteal nerve, abduction and medial rotation of thigh

superior gluteal nerve, abduction and medial rotation of thigh

TFL, gluteus muscles

deep peroneus nerve, extension of 4 lateral toes, dorsiflexion and eversion of foot

deep peroneus nerve, extension of big toe, dorsiflexion and inverion of foot

deep peroneus nerve, dorsiflex and invert foot

deep peroneus nerve, dorsiflex and evert foot

Extensor digitorum and hallicus longus, tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius

superificial peroneus nerve, eversion and flexion of foot

superficial peroneal nerve, eversion and flexion of foot

Peroneus brevis and longus

Tibial nerve, Plantar flexion of foot, flexion of leg

Tibial nerve, plantar flexion of foot, flexion of leg

Tibial nerve, Plantar flexion of foot

Tibial nerve, flexion of 4 lateral toes, plantar flexion and inversion of foot

Medial plantar nerve, flexion of big toe, plantar flexion and inversion of foot

tibial nerve, flexion and medial rotation of the leg

tibial nerve, plantar flexion and inversion of foot

Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus, Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallicus longus, popliteus, tibialis posterior

pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus, puborectalis, piriformis

end of long bones

between epiphysis and diaphysis - most vascular growth

Shaft of long bone

cartilage between end and shaft of bone

bone forming cell derived from mesenchyme

multinucleated cell that breaks down bone

concentric matrix around osteoblast

small space or cavity around cells (contains osteocytes), also called lacuna of Howship

fibrous strands in medullary compartment that are interconnected

canal and lamellae concentrically arranged - basic structural unit of compact bone

transverse canal in bone - contains nutrient artery

lateral 1/3 is trapezius attachment, lateral end is acromion process, first bone to begin ossification, trasmits force to the arm, trapezoid line and conoid tubercle are also part of clavicle

spine of scapula at the superior end, root of spine is at T3, coracoid and acromion process and supraglenoid and infraglenoid tubercle are also on scapula

anatomical neck is immediately distal to the head, surgical neck is immediately distal to the anatomical neck, deltoid tuberosity is on the lateral surface of the humerus (deltoid attachment), capitulum, trochlea, lesser tubercle, greater tubercle

head articulates with the capitulum of humerus, radial tuberosity, styloid process (part of wrist)

coronoid process, olecranon process, ulnar tuberosity (trochlear notch), head and styloid are part of wrist, radial notch

male pelvic bowl is wider, obturator formaen is circular, upside down martini glass; female pelvic bowl is wider, obturator foramen is cat eyes, upside down margarita glass

adductor tubercle on the medial femoral condyle (adductor magnus attaches here), lesser trochanter is the insertion for psoas major muscle, fovea capitus is a small indentation in the head of the femur, the femoral head is directed anterior, superior and medial, greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, medial and lateral condyles

medial and lateral condyles, medial malleolus, intercondylar eminence and soleal line (posterior tibia)

too short to make up part of the knee joint, lateral malleolus, head of tibia articulates, apex

Scaphoid (proximal row, by thumb, also called navicular), Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform (seasmoid bone), Trapezium (greater multangular, distal row), Trapezoid (lesser multangular), Capitate, Hamate, "Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle"

• DIP - Heberden's - OA
• PIP - Bouchard's - RA or OA
• MCP - Haygarth's - RA

Talus (superior), Calcaneus, Navicular (medial), Cuneiforms (medial, middle, lateral), Cuboid (most lateral bone of foot)

between tibia and talus

talocrural joint

• Acromioclavicular - acromion --> clavicle
• Coracoacromial - coracoid --> acromion
• Coracoclavicular - Conoid and trapezoid (more lateral) ligaments

• Deltoid ligament - medial malleolus --> tarsus (talus, navicular, calcaneous) (tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneuos)
• Lateral ligament - lateral malleolus --> tarsus (most commonly injured (anterior talofibular, posterior talofibular, calcaneofibular)
• Spring ligament - sustentaculum tali --> navicular (plantar calcaneonavicular)

• ALL (anterior longitudinal ligament) - front of anterior bodies from atlas to occiput = anterior atlanto-occipital
• PLL (posterior longitudinal ligament) - back of vertebral bodies (in anterior portion of canal), wider in cervicals, thinner in lumbars, becomes sacrococcygeal, from C2 to occiput = tectoral membrane
• LF (ligamentum flavum) - lamina to lamina (posterior portion of canal), high elastic fiber content
• IS (interspinous) - between the spinous processes
• SS (supraspinous) - from SP to SP, from C7 to occiput = ligamentum nuchae
• TL (transverse ligament) - holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas (fovea dentalis is on post. side of ant. tubercle of atlas), part of cruciate ligament
• CL (cruciate ligament) - runs from occiput to body of C2 and includes TL
• AL (alar ligament) - from sides of dens to occiput, limits rotation, also called "check ligament"
• AD (apical dental) - from apex of dens to foramen magnum of occiput

Muscular, Anterior interventricular, Circumflex "MAC"

Muscular, Posterior interventricular, Marginal

Great cardiac, middle cardiac, marginal, anterior cardiac, small cardiac, oblique, coronary sinus (most veins empty into this sinus)

bronchial, esophageal, posterior intercostal arteries --> pharynx and lower respiratory tract

left gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries (celiac trunk) --> stomach, duodenum, liver, pancreas, spleen

midgut, right side of abdomen, small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, first 2/3 transverse colon

hindgut, left side of abdomen, last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, rectum, anus

bladder and urethra

genitalia

azygous (right abdomen, right and left intercostals and lumbars, begins at L1-2) and hemiazygous (drains left abdomen, begins L1-2, crosses over at T8 to join azygous vein)

external and internal iliac, common iliac (testicles/ovaries, phrenic, suprarenal, renal, hepatic)

axillary --> brachial (--> profunda brachii) --> radial (--> deep palmar arches) and ulnar (--> superificial palmar arches)

superior thoracic, thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, anterior and posterior circumflex humeral

Basilic (medial arm), Median (middle arm), and cephalic (lateral arm) all drain into brachial vein --> axillary --> subclavian --> brachiocephalic

• L4 abdominal aorta --> common iliac --> internal (supplies pelvis) and external iliac --> femoral --> popliteal --> anterior and posterior tibial
• Anterior tibial (front of leg) --> dorsal pedis --> arcuate
• Posterior tibial (back of leg) --> peroneal --> medial and lateral plantar --> plantar arch

Medial and lateral plantar --> posterior and anterior tibial --> popliteal --> femoral --> external iliac --> common iliac --> IVC

• Small saphenous (lateral leg) --> popliteal
• Great saphenous (medial and posterior leg) --> femoral

Anterior division of upper and middle trunk (C5-7) --> ulnar and median nerve

Anterior division of inferior trunk (C7-T1) --> musculocutaneous and lateral head/median nerve

Posterior divison of all trunks (C5-T1) --> axillary, radial, upper subscapular, middle subscapular (thoracodorsal), lower subscapular nerves

T12 to L4 --> Ilioinguinal (L1), genitofemoral (L2), lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (L2,3), femoral (L2,3,4), Obturator (L2,3,4) nerves

L4-S3 --> common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve (together make sciatic nerve)