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homologous structure
traits that are similar in diffirenet species because the species share a common ancestor.
- example: human, whale, bat, bird
- arms.
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vestigial structure
inherited, but reduced in size & often unused.
example: snake's hip.
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analogous structure
- characteristics that are similar in function but different in structure.
- example: butterfly wing vs. bird wing
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Evolution
change over time
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which evolve, and which do not?
- species evolve.
- individuals do not.
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Variation
differences between member of a species
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Variation is: (4)
- obvious
- subtle
- physical (height)
- chemical (blood type)
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Variations are genetically determined by (2)
and definition.
- Mutation: change in genetic sequence
- Recombinant: combination of 2 DNAs
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What are Darwin's 4 theories of natural selection?
- 1.) there is variation within a population
- 2.) some variations are helpful
- 3.) not all of the offsprings survive
- 4) those who survive are the ones with beneficial traits. in that enviornment
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What are the 4 Evidences of Evolution?
- Fossils and fossil record
- Anatomical structures
- Embryological structures
- Biochemical structures
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what are fossils
it can include what? (2)
- the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants and other organisms of the past.
- Imprints and Remains.
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What is the fossil record?
one of the early sources of data relevant to the study of evolution
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What can fossils do to thelp scientist learn about evolution?
- it can be dated. provides scientists with a timeline.
- it shows history of life on earth.
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How does Biochemical evidence help?
it is evidence that macromolecules are the same, we use the same energy souce and we both have the same genetic material.
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What are the four macromolecules?
carbohydrates, protein, lipids and nucleic acids.
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what energy do all living things use?
ATP
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What is the genetic material all living things use.
Genetic material.
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What are the 3 Anatomical Structures?
Define them once again or mark this wrong.
Vestigial Structures, Homologous Structures and analogous structure.
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What do all 3 provide?
evidence to evolution.
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what do homologous and vestigial have in common?
provides evidence of our relationship with out common ancestry.
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Embryological Develepment:
what is embryology?
study of the early stages of development of an embry.
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What is Artificial Selection?
It's like natural selection, but humans interfering.
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what is speciation?
the evolution of one or more species from a common ancestor.
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species?
formed by what? (2)
interbreeding population of organisms that produce healthy, fertile offsprings.
isolation & natural selection
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isolation?
new species will develop when members become separated from other member of the same species.
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what would be the steps of isolation going into natural selection?
- isolation would occur.
- then those species adapt to their new enviornemt.
- then the new enviornment acts upon the variation that exists....
- which leads to adaptation.
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where did darwin travel to and what was his ship's name?
the galapagod islands on his ship called "The Beagle"
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adaptive radiation?
process in which one species gives rise to multiple species that exploit different niches.
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what are the two types of isolation?
geographic isolation and reproductive isolation.
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geographic isolation?
the physical separation of a population.
ex: seperated by barriers: mountains, rivers, oceans, lakes
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reprodiction isolation?
the inability of formerly interbreeding organisms to produce healthy, fertile offsprings.
ex: since they cannot reproduce anymore : different species.
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what are the three types of evolution?
divergent, covergent, co evolution
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divergent evolution:
when isolated species evolve independently.
- due to geographic isolation (migration)
- ex: polar bears vs grizzly.
- are related, but different species.
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convergent evolution:
what structure does it result in?
- different species evolve with similar characteristics.
- due to living in similar enviornment.
ex: butterfly & birds.
results in analogous structures. NOT RELATED.
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coevolution:
a change in the genetic composition of one species (group) in response to a genetic change in another.
when species evolve TOGETHER because they depend on each other.
ex: birds & flowers.
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