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Major cell types of the cortex and their major function
- Granule cells - "sensory"
- Pyramidal Cells - "motor"
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What is the name for:
1. motor cortical areas?
2. sensory cortical areas?
- 1. Agranular Cortex - mostly pyramidal cells
- 2. Granular Cortex - mostly granule cells
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What are Brodmann's Areas?
- Organization of cortex into numbered areas
- Uses cell packing, density, thickness
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How many laminae are their, and what are their cells types and functions?
- I - molecular layer (few cells)
- II - granule cells (sends info to other cortical regions)
- III - pyrimidal cells (sends info to other cortical regions)
- IV - granule cells (primary recipient zone of cortex)
- V - pyramidal cells (project out of cortex)
- VI - multiform (projects mostly to thalamus)
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What is the difference between homotypical and heterotypical cortex?
- Homotypical - six layers are clear, higher cerebral function
- Heterotypical - increased granularity that makes layers difficult to distinguish, sensory cortex
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What is the elemental function unit of the cerebral cortex?
Cortical Column
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From which thalamic nuclei does the Somatosensory Cortex recieve information?
VPLc and VPM
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Which Brodman's Areas make up the Somatosensory Cortex and what are their individual responsibilities?
3a, 3b, 1, 2 - Postcentral Gyrus
- 1, 3b - cutaneous, discriminative touch
- 2, 3a - deep tissue and joint input
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Where is Somatosensory Area II?
What is unique about this area?
- Superior bank of the lateral fissure
- Allows integration of information from both sides of the body
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1. Where is pain localization and intensity determined?
2. Where are the affective/reactive components triggered?
1. SI, SII
2. Rostral insula, rostral cingulate cortex
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What is plasticity of the Somatosensory Cortex?
- dramatic rearrangements after deprivation or alteration of somatic input
- ex. theory - phantom limb pain
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Auditory Cortex:
1. Location?
2. Input from?
3. Tonotopic representation?
- 1. Transverse gyri of Heschl
- 2. From Medial Geniculate Body
- 3. low freq (ant/lat), high freq (post/med)
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What are the neurotransmitters generally used by pyramidal and granule cells and why?
- Glutamate, aspartate
- Generally excitatory
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What neurotransmitters are important in cortical arousal?
Acetylcholine and norepinephrine
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Which neurotransmitter has a role in pain control/sleep?
Serotonin
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Which neurotransmitter has an inhibitory role which sharpens sensory processing?
What symptom and condition is associated with reduction in its activity?
- GABA
- Seizures and epilepsy
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