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What is the apoptosis?
programmed cell death
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Where is areolar tissue in the epidermis?
underlying all epithelia, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels
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What are the primary classes of tissue?
- ~epithelial
- ~connective
- ~muscular
- ~nervous
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What type of tissue is found in the esophagus & adult vagina?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous
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What type of tissue is found in the esophagus?
- epithelial
- connective
- nervous
- muscle
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What are the functions of adipose tissue?
- energy storage
- insulation
- cushioning
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What is perichondrium?
a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the hylaine cartilage
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What tissue gives the external ear it's shape?
elastic cartilage
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What's the difference btw serous glands & mucous glands?
- Serious glands-produce thin, watery secretion, while
- Mucous glands-produce mucin that absorb water to form the sticky secretion, mucus
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What's the amount of extracellular matrix occupies vs the cells in connective tissue?
The matrix which is composed of fibrous proteins & ground substance is what connective tissue is based upon since they're widely seperated.
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What type of cells are the epidermis composed of?
- stem cell
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- tactile (merkel) cells
- dendritic cells
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What are the layers included in the skin?
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
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Where do we find thick skin?
stratum corneum
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Are the margins of the lips red or flesh?
Red. The hemoglobin which is red pigment; is shown through the skin, where the blood capillaries come closer to the surface & be seen vividly
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What is cyanosis?
blueness from deficiency of oxyvgen in the circulating blood.(cold weather)
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What is the definition of erythema?
redness due to dilated cutaneous vessels (anger,sunburn,embarassment)
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What is jaundice?
yellowing of the skin & sclera due to excess of billirubin in blood. (liver disease)
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What is pallor?
pale color from lack of blood flow
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What is albinism?
a genetic lack of melanin
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What is a hematoma?
a bruise (visible clotted blood)
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What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial?
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum lucidum
- stratum corneum
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What is the tube that hair grows in?
the hair follicle
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Parts of the hair from deepest to skin surface
- Dermal papilla
- Hair bulb
- Hair matrix
- Apocrine sweat gland
- Hair root
- Bulge
- Hair receptor
- Hair cortex
- Hair medulla
- Piloerector muscle
- sebaceous gland
- epithelila root sheath
- connective tissue sheath
- hair shaft
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What glands are responsible for cooling the skin?
merocrine gland
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When do the apocrine sweat glands develop?
until puberty
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What layer of skin is the rate of mitosis the fastest?
stratum basale, mitosis require lots of oxygen & nutrients in which the deep cell can get from blood vesels in the dermis
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Which type of tissues in the body are avascular?
- epithelial
- cartilage(connective)
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Which connective tissues are branched?
- elastic fibers
- reticular fibers
- collagen fibers
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What is the difference btw cornified & noncornified?
- cornified-is the conversion of keratin, usually found on the skin surface, while
- noncornified-lacks a surface of dead layer & is usually moist
- both usually found in stratified squamous epithelia tissue
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What is the function of a dipole?
it absorb impact and leave the layer of the compact bone unharmed
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How many bones is the mandible in the fetus?
2, broken into left & right halves
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How many phalanges are in each finger?
3 in each digit & 2 in the thumb
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Define ligament.
holds bone together at the joints; attach muscle-muscle
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What happens to epiphyseal plates at ages 18-20?
it is depleted and bones can no longer grow longer & a epiphyseal line appears where the plate was.
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What structure of the skull articulate with the spinal column?
the cranium
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What structure does the pituitary gland sits?
In the deep pit of the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica, in the sphenoid bone of the skull.
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What type of tissue is most likely to have cilia?
epithelia
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What two type of cells found in the nervous tissue?
- neurons
- neuroglia, or glial cells
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What cells are associated with touch?
tactile cells
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What causes stretch marks?
stretching of the skin due to obesity or pregnancy which tears collagen fibers & produce striae
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Histological arrangement of osseous tissue
- osteogenic cells-located in endosteum,give rise to osteoblasts, multiply continually
- osteoblasts-bone forming cell
- osteocytes-trapped osteoblast in the matrix,homeostasis of calcium & ph ions
- osteoclasts- bone dissolving cell on bone surface
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Where is the epiphyses located?
ends of long bone (head)
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What type of cartilage do most bone develop?
articular cartilage (hylaine)
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What kind of cells do osteoblast and osteoclasts develop from?
osteogenic cells
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What is the inorganic matter percentage og bone?
- 85% hydroxyapatite
- 10% calcium carbonate
- other material-fluoride,potassium,magnesium
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What hormone maintain calcium homeostasis in adults?
pth hormone
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What happens to bone with vitamin d defficiency?
abnormal softness in bone known as rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults
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Define osseous tissue
bone as a connective tissue, which matrix is hardened by decompsition of calcium phosphate & other minerals
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Where does the hemopoiesis occur?
in red bone marrow
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Define avulsion.
the forcible tearing away of a body part by trauma or surgery
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What is a canaliculi?
slender channels that are interconnected with the lacunae; they help osteocytes contact the processes from their neighbors
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What cells are resposible for the breakdown of bone?
osteoclasts
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Whats the diff btw appositional growth and interstitial growth of bone?
- interstitial-bone increase in length, while
- appositional-bone increase in width
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What is the class of bones found in the forearm?
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What bones are found in the antebrachium?
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What are the paranasal sinuses?
- fronatal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- maxillary
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what bone contain the internal and external acoustic meatuses?
temporal bone
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Which skull bones are paired?
- parietal
- temporal
- maxillae
- palatine
- zygomatic
- lacrimal
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Where is the lambdoid suture located and what does it seperate?
in the back of the head. occipital & parietal bones
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What are the process of the temporal bone?
- zygomatic-extends anterioly to form part of zygomatic arch
- styloid-provides attachment for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, & hyoid bone
- mastoid-where u can palpate as a lump behind earlobe
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Can you palpate the occpital condyles of a living person?
no
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What bone is fractured if a person was strangled?
hyoid bone
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What nerve tract is damaged if theres a fracture of the ethmoid bone?
the olfactory nerve that is associated with the sense of smell
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Which vertebrae has a dens?
the cervical's axis
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Can cells have two nucleus?
Yes during mitosis, the splitting & duplication of cells
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Can mutations change the amino acid sequence of a protein?
no
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What does the nucleus envelope and the mitochondria have in common?
both are double membranous units
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What are your nitrogen based purines?
- double ring
- Guanine
- Adenine
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What are your nitrogen based pyrimidnes?
- single ring
- Uracil
- Thymine
- Cytosine
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What are the components of DNA?
- guanine
- adenine
- thymine
- cytosine
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What is found in rna, that isnt in dna?
uracil
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What is the function of dna helicase?
opens short segment of helix, repication is point of 2 strands
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What is DNA wrapped around in the nucleosome?
histones, core of proteins
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What happens in anaphase?
enzyme split 2 chromatids apart a centomere
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How do malignant tumors differ from benign tumors?
- benign- connective tissue capsule, slow growth, stay local, potentially lethal, while
- malignant- is cancerous, unencapsulated, fast growing, metastic(spreading)
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