Chapter 2

• Making something certain
• or overcoming doubt

• Confirm something
• _{To state that something is true, especially in a formal written statement}

A Methodical examination and review

• Auditing
• Attestation
• Quality Control
• Independence
• Ethical Standards for audits of public companies

• auditing
• attestation
• quality control
• independence ethical
• accounting and review standards for engagements involving non public companies

License CPA's and CPA firms to practice in jurisdictions

• Adequate Technical training and proficency
• Independence in mental attitude is to be maintained
• Due professional care

• Auditor must adequately plan and properly supervise work
• Auditor must obtain a sufficient understanding of entity, including assess risk of material misstatement
• Auditor must obtain audit evidence to afford a reasonable basis for the opinion

• State whether the FS are presented in accordance with GAAP
• ID circumstances were principles have not been consistently applied
• Informative Disclosures are adequate unless otherwise stated in report
• Report should clearly state the responsibility being assumed by the auditors, by expressing an opinion or stating that one can not be expressed

Asses the risk of errors and fraud that may cause the FS to contain a material misstatement.

• Obtain information to assess the inherent risks and fraud risks:
• ^{_{Information about the company and its environment}}
• Discussion among audit team members
• Inquires of Management and others
• _{Planning Analytical procedures}

• Based on Assesment plan and perform the audit
• Exercise Due care and the proper degree of professional skepticism
• _{to achieve reasonable assurance that material misstatement due to error or fraud will be detected.}

• Those that can have a direct and material effect on FS amounts
• _{an audit obtains reasonable assurance of detecting these types of illegal acts.}
• Those with an Indirect Effect on FS
• _{audit doesn't provide assurance indirect illegal acts will be uncovered}

• Title
• Addressee
• Content
• _{Introductory Paragraph}
• ^{Scope Paragraph}
• ^{Opinion Paragraph}
• Signature
• Date

• We have audited the accompanying BS of XYZ Co....
• These financial statements are the responsibility of the companies management.
• Our Responsibility is to express an opinion...

• Should say things Like:
• in accordance with auditing standards
• obtain reasonable assurance
• free from material misstatement
• examining on test basis
• assessing the accounting principles
• significant estimates
• audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion

• In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects....
• results ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the USA.

FS follow GAAP and the auditor does not add explanatory language

Scope limitation or departure from GAAP

Ex: departure from GAAP so significant that the FS as a whole are misleading

Ex: Unable to determine an opinion due to a very significant scope limitation

• Refers to standards of the PCAOB rather than GAAS
• Includes a fourth paragraph that reports internal control
• City and State of audit firm must be incuded

• Standards for Attestation Services
• Establish the auditing standards for other audit/attest services

• Leadership responsibility for quality within the firm Tone at the top
• Monitoring

• Firms Internal culture recognizes that quality is essential in performing engagemnts and recognizes the need to
• _{Perform work that complies with professional standards and regulatory and legal requriements}
• _{Issue reports that are appropriate in circumstances.}

Ex: At least annually, the firm should obtain written confirmation of compliance with its indpendence poices from all firm personnel who are required to be independent.

• Firm will continue relationships where the firm
• _{has considered client integrity}
• _{Is competent to perform the engagement}
• Can Comply with Legal and ethical requirements.

Ex: firm will get background before taking on a client.

Firm has personal with capabilities and commitment to ethical Principles to perform engagements in accordance to professional standards, regs and legal requirements.

Design plicies and procedures that address the tracking of progress of each engagement.

Working papers, reports and client financial statements are reviewed to assess compliance with firms quality control policy and procedures.

• Not specifired by AICPA
• Depend on firm size
• Establish Controls to provide assurance that the CPA firm meets its responsibilities.

• PCAOB
• _{registration of public accounting firms that audit public companies}
• conduct inspections of practice of registerd pub. Acctg frims.

• AICPA&State Boards of Accountancy
• _{Peer review of nonpublic practice segments}

• 5 members-only two may be CPA's
• Members Appointed by the SEC and may serve no more that two five-year terms
• All accounting firms that audit SEC registrants must register with PCAOB
• _{PCAOB can impose monetary damages, suspend firms or make referrals to Justice Department}

• Conducted by PCAOB staff
• Focus
• _{Evaluate performance of sample audit and review engagments}
• Report
• Wirtten report to SEC, part of which is made public

• Members of AICPA
• Conducted by CPA's or other CPA Firms
• Two types of peer reviews
• 1. System Review-study of CPA firms system of quality control, by sampling
• 2. Engagement Review-Less in scope than system review.
• Report: pass, pass with deficiencies, or fail

• Expanded description of managements responsibility
• Enhanced Explanation of the Audit process
• Report may indicate that the financial statements comply with the provisions of the country's relevant statues or laws
• Must include city of auditors office
• Signed by auditor or the audit firm or both.