-
Actinic (solar) keratosis
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
-
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
Cushings ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
-
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
-
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
-
Aneurysm, dissecting
Hypertension
-
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
Atheroslcerosis
-
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
3° syphilis, Marfan's syndrome
-
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
-
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
Sickle cell anemia (HbS)
-
Bacteria associated with stomach cancer
H. pylori
-
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
Neisseria meningitdis
-
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitdis (kids)
-
Benign melanocytic nevus
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
-
Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency
Bernard-Soulier disease (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
-
Brain tumor (adults)
Supratentorial: mets > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
-
Brain tumor (kids)
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
-
Breast cancer
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the United States, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
-
Breast mass
- 1. Fibrocystic change
- 2. Carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
-
Breast tumor (benign)
Fibroadenoma
-
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids)
Rhabdomyoma
-
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting mitral)
-
Cardiac tumor (adults)
- 1. Metastasis
- 2. 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; "ball and valve")
-
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
-
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
-
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
-
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
-
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
-
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
-
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
-
Constrictive pericarditis in developing world
Tuberculosis
-
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
LAD > RCA > LCA
-
Cretinism
Iodine defecit/hypothyroidism
-
Cushing's syndrome
- 1. Corticosteroid therapy
- 2. Excess ACTH secretion by the pituitary
-
Cyanosis (early; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
-
Cyanosis (late; more common)
VSD, ASD, PDA
-
Death in CML
Blast crisis
-
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
-
Dementia
- 1. Alzheimer's disease
- 2. Multiple infarcts
-
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
-
DIC
Gram-negative sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burn trauma
-
-
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
-
Ejection click
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
-
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
-
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
-
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
-
Gynecologic malignancy
Endometrial carcinoma (most common)
-
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
-
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse), aortic (2nd affected in rheumatic fever)
-
Helminth infection (U.S.)
- 1. Enterobius vermicularis
- 2. Ascaris lubricoides
-
Hematoma--epidural
Rupture of the middle meningeal artery (crescent shaped)
-
Hematoma--subdural
Rupture of bridging veins (trauma; lentiform shaped)
-
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusion or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (often associated with hepatitis B and C)
-
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand's disease
-
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
-
HLA-B27
Ankylosing spondylitis; Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis
-
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
-
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
-
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
-
Hypertension, 2°
Renal disease
-
Hypoparathyroidism
Thyroidectomy
-
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
-
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
-
Kidney stones
- 1. Calcium = radiopaque
- 2. Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
- 3. Uric acid = radiolucent
-
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected L to R becomes R to L)
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
-
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
-
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher's disease
-
Male cancer
Prostatic carcinoma
-
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
Hodgkin's lymphoma
-
Malignant skin tumor
Basal cell carcinoma (rarely metastasizes)
-
Mental retardation
- 1. Down syndrome
- 2. Fragile X syndrome
-
Metasteses to bone
Breast, lung, thyroid, testes, prostate, kidney
-
Metasteses to brain
Lung, breast, skin (melanoma), kidney (renal cell carcinoma), GI
-
Metasteses to liver
Colon, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and lung carcinomas
-
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
-
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease
ALS
-
-
Neoplasm (kids)
- 1. ALL
- 2. Cerebellar medulloblastoma
-
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous glomerulonephritis
-
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease (associated with infections/vaccinations; treat with corticosteroids)
-
Nosocomial pneumonia
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
-
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
-
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii) pneumonia
-
-
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease patients
Salmonella
-
Osteomeylitis with IV drug use
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
-
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
-
Ovarian tumor (benign)
Serous cystadenoma
-
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
-
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
-
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
-
Patient with ALL / CLL / AML / CML
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult > 60, CML: adult 35-50
-
Pelvic inflammatory disease
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (monoarticular arthritis)
-
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
-
Pituitary tumor
- 1. Prolactinoma
- 2. Somatotropic "acidophilic" adenoma
-
Pituitary amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (XO)
-
Primary bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
-
Primary hyperaldosteronism
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
-
Primary hyperparathyroidism
- 1. Adenomas
- 2. Hyperplasia
- 3. Carcinoma
-
Primary liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α-1 antitrypsin)
-
Pulmonary hypertension
COPD
-
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
-
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and adult polycystic kidney disease; paraneoplastic syndromes (erythropoietin, renin, PTH, ACTH)
-
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
-
S3 (protodiastolic gallop)
Increased ventricular filling (L to R shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
-
S4 (presystolic gallop)
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
-
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
-
Sexually transmitted disease
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea)
-
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
-
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
-
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
-
Stomach cancer
Adenocarcinoma
-
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
-
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
-
t(8;14)
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
-
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl hybrid)
-
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
-
Testicular tumor
Seminoma
-
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma
-
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent)
-
Tumor of infancy
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
-
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
-
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
-
Type of non-Hodgkin's
Diffuse large cell
-
Type of Hodgkin's
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
-
UTI
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
-
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV
-
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.)
Folic acid (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
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