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Rabies
- Virus!
- zoonotic: yes
- transmission: saliva from infected animal
- incubation:15-50 days or longer
- symptoms: extreme aggression; appears to be colic
- prognosis: death
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Vesicular Stomatitis
- Virus!
- zoonotic: yes
- transmission: direct contact and flies
- incubation: 2-8 days
- symptoms: ulcerous lesions in mouth and tongue, coronitis, fever 104-106
- prognosis: good high morbidity, low mortality, resolution 10-14 days; no vaccine
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Equine Influenza
- Virus!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
direct contact with infected horse- incubation:
1-3 days- symptoms:
lethargy, nasal discharge, dry cough, fever 107, rapid spread- prognosis:
vaccines available, supportive care, rest 3 weeks minimum
-
Eastern Equine Encephalitis/ Western Equine Encephalitis
- Virus!
- zoonotic: yes
- transmission:
mosquito- incubation:
5 days- symptoms:
neurological depression, circling, head pushing- prognosis:
good vaccines, non vaccinate death 2-3 days
-
West Nile Virus
- Virus!
- zoonotic: yes
- transmission:
mosquito- incubation:
10-14 days- symptoms:
neurological low grade fever depression, feed refusal- prognosis:
vaccine available; 30-40% mortality non vaccinates
-
Equine Infectious Anemia
- Virus!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
horse fly, direct contact- incubation:
10-25 days- symptoms:
may be unapparent; may cause abortion- prognosis:
no vaccine; good serology test; pos euthanized
-
African Horse Sickness
- Virus!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
gnat (Culicoides)- incubation:
3-5 days- symptoms:
fever 104-105, anorexia, legs spread, cough, dilated nostrils, swollen suborbital fossa- prognosis:
no vaccine; death up to 90%
-
Strangles (distemper)
- bacteria!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
infected horses or fomite, flies- incubation:
3-14 days- symptoms:
fever 103-106, nasal discharge, depression, difficulty swallowing, abscesses of the lympth nodes, streptococcus- prognosis:
god with proper treatment, flushing of abscesses
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Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
- bacteria!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
sexually, fomites- incubation:
10-14 days- symptoms:
vaginal discharge, none in males, infected stallions may exhibit no signs. coccobacillus- prognosis:
good
-
Glanders
- bacteria!
- zoonotic: yes
- transmission:
ingestion of infected secretions- incubation:
3 days - symptoms: fever 106, 3 forms; nasal-discharge and ulcers, cutaneous: skin ulcers, pulmonary: ulcers in lungs, pseudomonas
- prognosis:
high morbidity, infected animals are destroyed, often fatal in humans
-
Dourine
- Protozoa!
- zoonotic: no
- transmission:
sexually- incubation:
weeks to months- symptoms:
vaginal discharge from mares, urethral discharge in stallions, skin plaques 2-10cm, trypanosomal- prognosis:
mortality 50-70%, infected animals destroyed
-
Appropriate Vaccinations of horses are:
rabies, EEE/WEE, WNV, tetanus
-
Normal temperatures for horses are:
Mare: 100
Stallion: 99.7
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Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF)
- -Zoonotic, tick-borne disease, virus
- -Potential bioterrorist threat
- -Mostly in Turkey; spring and summer
- -Horses are the chief reservoir
- target: domesticated and wild animals, humans, Birds are highly resistant
- -Animals typically carriers
- Transmission: direct contact, ingestion, infected blood or tissues, unpasteurized milk, sexually
- -Asymptomatic in animals although performance may drop
- Human symptoms: nausea, myalgia, vomiting, fever, hemorrhages, increases in liver enzymes
- Treatment: no vaccine; disinfection;
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Potomac Horse Fever
- -Appropriate vacc. if live in MD, DE
- -Not contagious; not zoonotic;
- -infectious: can be passed to young
- -Affects horses (can be reinfected) and other animal cases
- -Gram-negative bacteria; Incubation 10-18 days; Parasite-reservoir host
- -Found in manure, ingested or bitten, blood transmission
- -Symptoms: decreased appetite, high fever, depression, abortions, anemia, dehydration, diarrhea, laminitis (doesn’t need to have all)
- -Treatment: oxytetracycline, euthanization, consult a vet
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Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA)
- -RNA virus
- -Transmission: aerosolized (Respiratory); venereal
- -Symptoms: fever, edema, depression, lethargy, abortion, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge
- -Treatment: isolation/separation; normally runs its course with no long-term effects; antibiotics to avoid secondary infection
- -Stallions: antipyretics → avoid scrotal edema that causes infertility
- -Can cause permanent carriers
- -Vaccination: modified-live vaccine; must test negative first for EVA
- -3 to 4 outbreaks a year; most common in racetracks
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Tetanus
- -Bacteria caused by clostridium: spore forming, anaerobic, in soil; Lives well in necrotic anaerobic environment
- -Caused by deep puncture wound with infected item
- -Develops a highly poisonous neurotoxin
- -Affects all mammals; Dogs, birds, cats: highly resistant
- -Annual shot for horses
- -10-14 days after puncture (neurotoxin is present)
- -Humans and horses are highly susceptible
- -Vaccines: tetanus shot or toxoid (prolonged exposure)
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Clostridium Botulina
- -Most dangerous form
- -Cannot swallow properly → breathing decreases
- -Horse → extend neck, tail erect
- -Striated muscle problems → diaphragm tightening
- -In human cases → induce coma and treat toxoid
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