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What do the mitral cells project to?
- Anterior Olfactory Nucleus
- Lateral Olfactory Stria to the primpary olfactory cortex & amygdala
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Components of the Olfactory Cortex
- Pyriform lobe
- Entorhinal Cortex
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What is Kallmann Syndrome?
Association between a lack of sense of smell and decreased reproductive function (usually males)
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What are the major functions of the limbic system?
- Emotion
- Memory
- Integration of sensory information with autonomic function
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Structures of the Limbic System
- Cingulate, Subcallosal & Parahippocampal Gyri
- Amygdala, Septal Nuclei, Basal Forebrain
- Anterior Thalamus & Mammillary Bodies
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What are the structures in and functions of the Cingulate Cortex?
- Cingulate, Subcallosal & Parahippocampal Gyri
- Emotional negative experiences of chronic pain
- Cognition and emotion: empathy, conflict resolution and decision making
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Subdivisions of the Hippocampus
- Dentate Gyrus
- Hippocampus Proper
- Subiculum
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Dentate Gyrus: Function and layers
- Input zone of hippocampus
- Entorhinal cortex --> DG --> Hippocampus proper
Layers: outer molecular layer, intermediate cell layer (granule), inner polymporphic layer
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Hippocampus Proper: Function and layers
- Input from DG, entorhinal cortex, septum
- Output into fornix to septum
Layers: outer molecular layer, intermediate cell layer (pyramidal), inner polymorphic layer
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Subiculum: Function and associated structures
- Major output zone of hippocampus
- Axons form alveus --> fimbria --> fornix
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What is the major function of the Hippocampus?
Conversion of short-term memories into long-term memories
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Anterograde amnesia
- Deficits in acquisition of new memories
- Often due to lesion affecting hippocampus
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Papez Circuit: Path and Function
Cingulate cortex --> Hippocampus --> Mammillary Bodies --> Anterior Thalamus --> Cingulate cortex
Control of emotional expression
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What is the fucntion of the Septum?
Labels sensory stimuli as positive or pleasurable
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What symptoms would be expected from a lesion to the Septum?
- Hyperemotional status
- Impaired learning
- Perseveration - repetition of incorrect response
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What are the major function of the Amygdala?
- Focusing attention
- Labels stimuli as negative or harmful
- Fight or flight response
- Aggressive responses
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome:
1. Cause
2. Symptoms
- 1. Lesion to Amygdala
- 2. Tamesness, hyperoral/hypersexual behavior, agnosia
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Agnosia
Inability to recognize objects, people, etc. by sight
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Urbach-Wiethe Syndrome:
1. Cause
2. Symptoms
- 1. Bilateral lesions of the amygdala
- 2. No fear, difficulty reading other's emotions
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What is the role of the Nucleus Accumbens?
Role in additction (drugs, alcohol, etc.)
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Basal Forebrain:
1. Location
2. Major component and related disease
- 1. Ventral to anterior commissure
- 2. Substantia Innominata - loss typical in Alzheimer's dementia
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