Psych Vocab chapter 9 & 10

a learning procedure in which assocuations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

a stimuls that does not initially any part of an unconditioned response

an event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training

an organism's automatic( or natural) reaction to a stimulus

a once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of trainging in which it has been paired with (occurred just before) an unconditioned stimulus

the learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

the ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

the gradual dissappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus

learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence

stimulus or event that follows a response and increase the likelihood that the response will be repeated

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer

a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct reponses is required before reinforcement can be obtained

a pattern of reinforcement in whcih an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcemtn can be obtained

a pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement

a pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement

technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward

learned reactions that follow one another in srquence, each reaction producing the signal for the next

process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli

increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs

training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus

training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurence of an unpleasant stimulus

process of altering behavior by observing and imitation the behavior of others

form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation

a mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events

alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable cange in behavior

condition in which repreated attempts to contol a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable

learning by imitating others; copying behavior

systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings

conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for values rewards

the input, storage, and retreival of what has been learned or experienced

the transforming of information so the nervous system can process it.

the process by which information is maintained over a period of time

the process of obtaining information that has been stored in the memory

very brief memory storage immediately following initial stimulation of a receptor

memory that is limited in capactiy to about seven items and in duration by the subject's active rehersal

a system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it

the process of grouping items to make them easier to remember

knowledge of language, including its rules, words, and meanings

chronological retention of the events of one's life

stored knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed

permanent storage learned skills that does not require conscious recollection

memory retreival in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before

memory retreival in which a person reconstructs perviously learned material

the alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences, attitudes, or inferences

the act of filling in memory gaps

conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

fading away of memory over time

blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories or loss of a retreival clue

the linking of new information to material that is already known

techniques for using asoociations to memorize and retrieve information