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Gi system is also known as?
alimentary system
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where does digestion begin?
mouth
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what enzyme produces salvary amylase, and breaks down cooked starches
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once food is swallowed what happens?
it is a bolus that is transported down the esophagus
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what relzxes to allow movement?
esophagus
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10 in long, hollow, muscular tube
esophagus
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coordinated rhythmic contractions of muscles and pushes bolus through esophagus
peristalsis
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the lower esophagus that relaxes and allows food to pass to stomach
cardiac sphinter
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mechanically and chemically breaks down foods
stomach
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secretes gastric juices (HCL and pepinogen)
stomach
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what is responsible for the begining breakdown of starch and protein
pepsinogen
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what is secreted to protect stomach lining?
mucus
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what secretes the intrinstic factor? why?
stomach for b12 absorption, stimulates the HCL release
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mixed partially digested food and digestive enzymes, semiliquid
chyme
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the chyme will not pass into the small intestine until what consistency?
1mm
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how often does the stomach empty
3-4 hrs
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what are the easiest to digest in order?
carbs, protein and then fat
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20-25 ft long, responsible for absorbing nutrients from chyme, secretes digestive enzyme and mucus for nutrient absorption
small intestine
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10-12 in long, absorbs calcium, iron and neutralizes acids in chyme
duodenum
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an enlargement of the ducts from the liver and pancreas at the pnt where they enter the small intestinge. bile from the liver and secretions from the pancreas come through this to mix with food in the duodeum and aid in digestion particularly of fats
ampulla of vater
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8-10 ft long, absorbs fats protein and carbs
jejunum
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distal 12 ft of small bowel, absorbs b12 and bile salts
ileum
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chyme enters the colon thru where into where? and wehre does this all happen
ileocecal valve into the cecum! large intestine
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absorbs water, electrolytes and bile salts
colon
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last 5 in of colon
rectum
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fish shaped, 6-8 in long, has endocrine and exocrine functions (3) groups of enzymes produced for exocrine
pancreas
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the 3 exocrine enzymes produced?
amylase, lipase and protease
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what is amylase?
converts carbs to glucose
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what is lipase?
aids in fat digestion
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what is protease?
breaks down protein
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largest organ in RUQ
liver
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produces and secrete bile, converts glucose to glycogen for storage and glycogen to glucose when sugar drops
liver
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metabolizes hormones, break down nitrogenous waste to urea, amino acid to proteins
liver
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produces heparin, stores vit b12 and fat soluable vitamins and detoxifies poisonous substances
liver
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pear shaped attached undersurface of liver
galbladder
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stores and concentrates bile until needed
galbladder
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what forms the common bile duct?
cycstic duct, hepatic duct, and pancreatic duct
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how much fiber should be ingested daily?
30-35 g
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inflammation and ulceration in the mouth
stomatits
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what is ordered for stomatits?
topical anesthetics and analgesics
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what is the diet for stomatits?
bland, soft or liquids
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should I and O be montored for stomatitis?
YES!
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what does stomatitis damage?
oral mucous membranes by irritants leads to infections
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enlarged tortuous veins caused by chronic obstruction of drainage from esophageal veins to portal veins
esophageal varices
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what are esophageal varices prone to?
ulceration and bleeding
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what can cause rupture of the varices?
sneezing, coughing, vomitting
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medical treatment for esophageal varices
sclerotherapy, esophageal ligation, and balloon tamponade
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surgical treatment for esophageal varices?
portosystemic shunt(relieves pressure), transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) its invasive and placed to bypass liver and relieve pressure in protal veins, done in xrat only for unstable clients
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rubber band or tie the O-ring on varix
ligation
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castic substance injected into varix
sclerotherapy
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periodically deflated to prevent necrosis, pt NPO and HOB 45 degree
balloon tamponade
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sandostatin can be given to a pt with? avoid what?
esophageal varices but avoid NSAIDS, aspirin and anticoagulants
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esophageal varices pt can be active?
bedrest with very little stenuous activity, monitor v/s
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gastric secretion flow upward into esophagus, damagin tissues
GERD
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inibility of lower esophagus sphincter to close
GERD
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symptoms of GERD?
belching, dysphagia, esophagistis, epigastric pain, heartburn, flatulence, melena, bleeding
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surgical treatment for GERD?
fundolication
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meds for GERD?
antacids, H2 repceptor antagonist, proton pump inhibitor, cytoprotective agents, GI motility agents
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diet for GERD?
low fat, high protein, avoid caffeine and milk, pepermint, chocolate, licorice and spicy
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