chap 12.txt

• Joseph Lister did
• He did what?

• Purpose: helped reduce morbidity and mortality from surgery and wound care
• Purpose of what?

• He is known as the father of aseptic technique
• Who is?

• Any tiny, usually microscopic, entity capable of carrying on living processes
• Term?

• It consists of the implementation of policies and procedures in hospitals and other health care facilities to minimize the spread of health care-associated or community-acquired infections to patients and other staff members
• Term?

• Absence of pathogenic microorganisms
• Term?

• Medical asepsis and surgical asepsis
• Categories of?

• It consists of techniques that inhibit the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms.
• Term?

• Known as clean technique
• Also known as?

• Destroys all microorganisms and their spores
• Term?

• Sterile technique
• Also known as?

• Reproductive cell of some microorganisms, such as fungi or protozoa
• Term?

• 1. infectious agent- a pathogen 2. reservoir � where the pathogen can grow 3. exit route from reservoir 4. method or vehicle of transportation, such as exudates, feces, air droplets, hands, and needles 5. entrance through skin, mucous lining, or mouth 6. host- another person or animal
• Elements for what?

• Use of a chemical that can be applied to objects to destroy microorganisms
• Term?

• A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms- may be used on humans
• Term?

• Shapes � round, oblong, and spiral
• Shapes of what?

• Bacteria grown only in presence of oxygen
• Term?

• Bacteria grown only in the absence of oxygen
• Term?

• Hairlike projections that give motility to bacteria
• Term?

• It is achieved by wiggling motion involving the entire cell body
• Done by who?

• High degree of resistance to heat and disinfectants. Impervious to the usual laboratory staining methods
• Characteristics of what?

• Thick, sticky, slimy substance � envelopes seem to form around bacteria
• Term?

• They form when the environment is unfavorable; it is believed that the formation may be a defensive mechanism to protect the bacteria
• What forms?

• Capsule formation contributes to that
• Contributes to what?

• Streptococci, staphylococci, diplococci, bacilli, and spirilla
• All are?

• Transmitted by direct contact, inhalation of droplet nuclei, indirect contact with articles contaminated with the pathogen and through ingestion of contaminated food and drink
• What is transmitted all these ways?

• Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Abbrev?

• Transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick
• What is transmitted this way?

• 1. cutaneous (skin) 2. inhalation 3. gastrointestinal
• What occurs in these forms?

• B. anthracis can live in that environment
• In what environment?

• Small� known agent to cause disease. Not complete cells but are composed of either RNA or DNA
• Term?

• Electron microscope made available then which helped with learning about viruses
• When was it available?

• Entrance through: respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, or broken skin resulting from an animal bit, mosquito or hypodermic needle
• For what?

• It means that they run a given course, and recovery usually occurs
• Term?

Viral infection which is almost always fatal

It is caused by a virus

• Classified according to the human diseases they cause or by the characteristics of a specific group
• What is classified this way?

Fungal (mycotic) infections are

• It is caused by yeasts and molds?
• What is caused by them?

• The scalp is most frequent site in children
• Most frequent site for what?

• Single-celled animals; in some form, they exist everywhere in nature
• Term?

• Any natural habitat of a microorganism that promotes growth and reproductions
• Term?

• Person or animal who does not become ill but harbors and spreads an organism, causing disease in others
• Term?

• Bathing, dressing changes, properly bag contaminated articles and contaminated needles and sharps, keep bedside unit clean, keep bottle solutions closed and away, make sure surgical wounds clean, and empty and dispose of drainage bottles and bags
• All this done for what?

Gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems,; tissue; blood; and wounds

• Means by which microorganisms are carried about and transported to the next host, once they have left the reservoir
• Term?

• Condition of being soiled, stained, touched by, or otherwise exposed to harmful agents.
• Term?

• Living vehicle (means by which microorganisms are carried about and transported)
• Term?

• Inanimate � nonliving vehicle (means by which microorganisms are carried about and transported)
• Term?

• Computers, medical records and charts, stethoscopes, thermometers, bandage scissors, and used tissues, drinking glasses, needles, and soiled dressing.
• Examples of what?

• Transmission by this kind of common contact with a fomite or vector
• Term?

• The skin is and that is why it should be kept intact, lubricated, and clean
• The skin is what?

• Organism in which another, usually parasitic, organism is nourished and harbored
• Term?

• It is defined by the amount of resistance shown to the pathogen
• What is defined by this?

• Immunizations have proven effective for this
• For what?

• Incubation period, prodromal stage, illness stage (acute stage); and convalescence
• Stages of what?

• 1st stage of infectious process � interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms
• Term?

• 2nd stage of infectious process - interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms
• Term?

• Acute stage
• Also known as?

• 3rd stage of infectious process- interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection
• Term?

• 4th stage of infectious process- interval when acute symptoms of infection disappear
• Term?

• No infection present
• Term?

• Localized symptoms such as pain and tenderness at the wound site
• Term?

• Systemic infection
• infection that affects the entire body instead of just a single organ or part. Potential to become fatal
• Term?

• Protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to interstitial tissues in the are of an injury
• Term?

• Process neutralizes and eliminates pathogens or necrotic (dead) tissues and establishes a means of repairing body cells and tissues
• Process of what?

• Signs: edema, rubor (redness), heat, pain or tenderness, and loss of function in the affected body part
• Signs of what?

• Signs and symptoms: fever, leukocytosis, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and lymph node enlargement
• When will one see these signs and symptoms?

• Triggered by physical agents, chemical agents, or microorganisms
• What is triggered?

• Mechanical trauma, temperature extremes, and radiation
• Examples of what?

• Examples: external and internal irritants such as harsh poisons or gastric acid
• Examples of what?

• Skin, mouth, respiratory tract, urinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, vagina
• Normal defense mechanisms against?

• People admitted to hospital and acquire an infection
• Term?

• Health care-associated infection
• Abbrev?

• Criteria: require that the infection manifests at least 48 hrs after hospitalization or contact with another health agency
• Criteria for what?

• Of or pertaining to a highly pathogenic or rapidly progressive condition
• Term?

• Growing outside the body
• Term?

• It is caused by microorganisms from another person
• What is caused by?

• Growing within the body
• Term?

• Caused by the patient�s own normal microorganisms, which become altered and overgrow or are transferred from one body site to another
• What is caused by it?

• Most commonly transmitted by direct contact between health care personnel and patients or from patient to patient
• What is most commonly transmitted by?

• They no longer reimburse hospitals for catheter-associated urinary tract infections and bloodstream infections
• Who and since when?

• Centers for medicare and Medicaid services
• Abbrev?

• Centers for disease control and prevention
• CDC
• Full name?

• CDC recommends this
• Recommends what?

• The goal of these guidelines is to interrupt the chain of infection and reduce transmission of bloodborne pathogens and other potentially infectious materials from moist body substances.
• What guidelines and recommended by who?

• Hand hygiene, gloves, mask, eye protection, face shield, gown and being careful around sharp needs and other instruments with bodily fluids
• Included in what?

• Wash it for 15 to 30 seconds using hospital approved soap
• Wash what?

• There is a high risk of health care acquired infections or infectious disease among patients with this is not followed
• When what is not followed?

• They say to wear them only once, and place them in the appropriate waste containers, change it if contaminated even if not done with patient, and perform hand hygiene after removing them
• Removing what? And who gave these advice?

• Protect your clothing from being soiled, protection against infectious microorganisms possibly given off by the patient, protection of a patient whose immune system is inadequate
• Purpose of what?

• Patients with diseases characterized by heavy drainage or exudates, infectious and acute diarrhea, other gastrointestinal disorders, respiratory disorders, skin wounds or burns, and urinary disorders is when we need to wear this
• Wear what?

• It will fit snugly below your chin and securely over your nose and mouth, and the top edge will fit below your eyeglasses if you wear them
• Wear what?

• Work to protect the wearer form inhaling microorganisms that travel on airborne droplets for short distances or that remain suspended in the air for longer periods, or if splashing should occur, to prevent inhaling pathogens, to discourage the wearer from touching the mouth, nose, or eye and from transmitting infectious material
• Reasons for what?

• Guidelines: Place soiled linen in a laundry bag in the patient�s room, treat all linen as though it is infectious, linen requires less handling if it is placed in a bag that is soluble in hot water; however, it is often necessary to do it because it punctures or tears easily
• Guidelines for what and recommended by who?

• An infection control practice that involves placing a bag of contaminated items into another, clean bag that is held outside an isolation room by other personnel
• Term?

• It included standard precautions, which contains two tiers of approach
• What does?

• Standard precautions
• Also known as?

• Precautions designed to care for all patients in health care facilities regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infectiousness
• Term?

• Condenses the disease-specific and categories approach to isolation into new transmission categories: airborne, droplet, and contact precautions
• What is the name of this?

• Basic principles: perform thorough hand hygiene when in and out of room, understand the disease process, dispose of contaminated equipment properly and effeectlibley and if pt needs to be transported protect everyone that is on the path
• Basic principles of what?

• Negative-pressure airflow that prevents infectious particulates from flowing out of the closed environment
• What type of room?
• Private rooms used for highly susceptible patients such as transplant recipients have what type of room?
• Have positive-pressure airflow which prevents organism to enter the room
• What type of room?

• Suspect it when pt has respiratory symptoms lasting longer than 3 weeks, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, dyspnea, fever, night sweats, and hemoptysis (a cough that can be productive of blood)
• Suspect what?

• Should be in negative-pressure isolation room
• When one has what?

• National institute for occupational safety and Health
• Abbrev?

Consists of maintaining the absence of all microorganisms, including pathogens and spores, from an object

• Bacteriostatic solution
• Also known as?

• Removal of foreign materials, such as soil and organic material, from objects
• Term?

• Rinse contaminated object with cold running water to remove organic water, wash with soap and warm water, rinse object thoroughly, use brush to remove dirt, rince object in warm water, dry object and prepare for disinfection. Consider the use of brush gloves and sink contaminated and clean it
• Steps for what?

• Used to destroy microorganisms
• Term?

• Disinfectants or bactericidal solutions
• Name of what?

• Refers to methods used to kill all microorganisms, including spores
• Term?

Methods: physical and chemical

• Depends on: type of microorganisms; how many microorganism present; type of article in need of cleaning
• What depends on this?

• Pertaining to the study of the occurrence, distribution, and causes of disease in humankind
• Term?