Molecular Final

Binding site of antibodies

Molecules that identify antigens (intruders)

Foreign bodies that elicit the immune system

• T cells (60%) (developed in bone marrow and matures in the thymus)
• B cells
• NK cells

• Cytotoxic (CD8 killer T cells) kill cancer
• Helper (CD4)
• Suppressor- shut down killer T cells after is does it's job
• Memory- stays in body for second encounter (make T cells)

• Naïve B cells
• Plasma cells (effector B)
• Memory B cells- stay for second encounter (make plasma cells)

• IgA -mucus, tears, saliva, breast milk
• IgD- activates B cell
• IgE- binds to mast cells (causes release of histamine)
• IgG- found in plasma and involved in long term immunity
• IgM- found on the surface of the B cell

One specific antibody for one antigen

Mixture of different antibodies with different specificity

Reading of the DNA code in orderly or sequential manner

• Generating different length of DNA fragments of DNA we want to sequence
• Group them according to last base reading
• Separating them with gel Electrophoresis

• Maxam and Gilbert- chemical sequencing
• Sanger- chain termination (dideoxynucleotides (lack normal -OH group))

• Multiple copies of single strand template DNA
• Primer
• DNA polymerase
• A 'pool' of normal nucleotides
• Dideoxynucleotides

Bacteriocin

An obligatory parasite that can't reproduce itself without a living host

• Outer protein shell (capsid)
• Inner core (either DNA or RNA)

• Attachment
• Penetration
• Synthesis
• Assembly
• Release

• Replication Gene
• Coat Protein Gene
• Lysis Gene

Naked DNA molecules

• Bidirectional
• Rolling Circle

Nucleic acids in charge of controlling their own replication

Jumping genes without the ability of self replicating

• Terminal Inverted Repeats
• A gene for transposition

Jumping genes that replicate through an RNA intermediate

• Short interspersed sequences (SINS)
• Long interspersed sequences (LINS)

DNA that have properties of retroposons, SINS and LINS

Selfish DNA are disabled of replication or movement

Intervening sequences of protein that are spliced out during the making of functional protein

Make the final functional protein

• DNA fingerprinting- PCR and RFLP
• Protein and Enzymes in body fluids- using antibody

• Restriction Enzyme Digest
• Electrophoresis
• Southern Blotting
• Visualizing by autoradiograph

Amplifying DNA fragments by showing hyper variable region and discriminate by probe

A mistake in the cell genetic material

• Substitution
• Deletion
• Insertion
• Duplication

• No change in amino acid
• No effect in phenotype

Mutation changing the amino acid, making bad protein or not effect as the original

• Introducing a stop codon
• No protein is formed by the ribosome

• Reversion- healing from mutation (rare)
• DNA Repair Mechanism
• -restoring damaged DNA
• -mismatch repair- one base pair is removed and replaced with correct one
• -excision repair- long DNA molecule is removed and replaced

• Germline cell- heritable
• Somatic Cell- not heritable

• Autosomal chromosome disorder
• Sex-linked disorders

Replacing defected gene with a good copy of the gene

• Plasmids
• Adenovirus
• Retrovirus
• Particle Bombardment

Any cancer causing agent

• Tumor Suppressor genes- Protect from cancer when not mutated
• Proto-oncogenes- needed for normal cell division

Preference of specific codon from group of codons making the same amino acid

Have a foreign gene inserted into their genetic make-up

Manipulating genes in crop plants and animals for benefit of us

• Plasmids
• Gene gun

A technique used to make transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals

Report genes that indicate the engineered gene is delivered to its target