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Subdivisions of the Diencephalon
- Epithalmus
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Subthalamus
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Functions of the Thalamus
- Sensory path to the cerebral cortex
- Recieves output from cerebellum
- Ascending reticular formation system
- Limbic system
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Anterior Nuclear Group
Anterior Nucleus (A)
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Medial Nuclear Group
Dorsal Medial Nucleus (DM)
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Dorsal Lateral Nuclear Group
- Lateral Dorsal Nucleus (LD)
- Lateral Posterior Nucleus (LP)
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Ventral Lateral Nuclear Group
- Ventral Anterior Nucleus (VA)
- Ventral Lateral Nucleus (VL)
- Ventral Posterior Nucleus (VP) - VPM & VPL
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Intralaminar Nuclear Group
- Parafascicular Nucleus (PF)
- Centromedian Nucleus (CM)
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Posterior Nuclear Group
- Pulvinar (Pu)
- Lateral Geniculate Body (LGB)
- Medial Geniculate Body (MGB)
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Which sensory pathway is not relayed to the cerebral cortex via the thalamus?
Olfactory
CN I --> olfactory bulb --> olfactory cortex & amygdala --> thalamus (DM)
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Relay Nuclei
Relay ascending systems to and descending systems from cortical projections
ex. VP, MGB, LGB, LD, LP
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Diffuse Connection Nuclei
Information from various ascending systems with many connections
ex. Intralaminar nuclei, VA
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Subcortical nuclei
Reticular nucleus
Connected only with other thalamic nuclei
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Karsakoff's Syndrome
- Vitamin B1 thiamine deficiency
- degeneration of Dorsal Medial Nucleus and Mammillary Bodies
- Difficulty in gaining new information
- Confabulation to fill memory gaps
- Apathy OR talkative/repetative
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Anterior nuclear group function
Limbic system: emotions, autonomic relationship to behavior
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Ventral Anterior Nucleus - function
- Motor functions w/ basal ganglia
- Arousal w/ ARAS
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Dorsal Medial Nucleus - function
- Olfactory
- Emotion, memory pain, stress w/ amygdala input
- Motor functions w/ basal ganglia
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Ventral Lateral Anterior Nucleus - function
Motor functions w/ basal ganglia
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Ventral Lateral Posterior Nucleus - function
Motor functions w/ cerebellum
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