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Social Psychology
scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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attribution theory
how we explain someone's behavior - either dispositional or situational
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Tendency for observers to overestimate distributional attribution
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attitudes
feelings (based on beliefs) that predispose us to respond a particular way
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foot-in-the-door phenomenon
if you agree to a small request, you're more likely to agree to a larger request later
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cognitive dissonance theory
when attitudes and actions clash, we try to ease discomfort
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conformity
adjusting one's behavior or thoughts to coincide with group standard
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normative social influence
influence resulting from desire for approval
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informational social influence
influence resulting from willingness to accept others' opinions
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social facilitation
stronger responses on well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social loafing
people exert less effort because it's all the group, not just single individual
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deindividuation
loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations (riots)
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group polarization
enhancement of group's opinions through group discussion
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groupthink
harmonious but unrealistic thinking within a group
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prejudice
unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members (beliefs, feelings, and actions)
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stereotype
generalized belief about a group of people
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discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
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ingroup
"US" people with whom one shares a common identity
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outgroup
"THEM" people perceived as apart from one's ingroup
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ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
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scapegoat theory
prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
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just-world phenomenon
world is just - people get what they deserve
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aggression
physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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frustration-aggression principle
frustration creates anger, which creates aggression
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conflict
perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
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social trap
conflicting parties pursue self-interest, get caught in mutually destructive behavior
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mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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passionate love
aroused state of intense positive feelings (usually the beginning of relationship)
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companionate love
deep affectionate attachment (intertwined lives)
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equity
equality of give-and-take in a relationship
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self-disclosure
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
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altruism
unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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bystander effect
bystanders are less likely to give aid if other bystanders are around
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social exchange theory
social behavior is an exchange process
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reciprocity norm
expectation that people will help those who helped them
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social-responsibilty norm
expectation that people will help those dependent on them
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Superordinate goals
shared goals that override differences among people
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GRIT
- Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction
- a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
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