Physio block 4

What are the 3 hormones that the kidney secretes?

Which nephrons serve to create concentrated urine?

What structure in the Juxtamedullary nephrons serves to create concentrated urine?

What is the name for the peritubular capillaries in a juxtamedullary nephron?

What part of the glomerular capillary presents the most significant barrier to filtration of plasma proteins?

What is attached to the basement membrane by foot processess that allows for filtration slits?

In exercising muscles why are K+ released ?

What are 3 loop diuretics?

Where do loop diuretics act?

Thiazide diuretics act where?

What are 2 thiazide diuretics?

Where do K+ sparing diuretics act?

What are 3 K+ sparing diuretics?

What are some conditions that causes hyperkalemia?

What conditions hypokalemia?

Which cells reabsorb K+ in the DCT?

Which cells secrete K+ in the DCT?

How does aldosterone stimulates secretion of K+?

How do diuretics like loop diuretics and thiazide diuretics stimulate secretion of K+?

Alkalosis causes increases or decreases K+ secretion?

Acidosis increases or decreases K+ secretion?

When is phosphaturia and cAMP in urine seen?

What are the findings in pseudoparathyrodism?

A defect where would produce pseudoparathyrodism?

How does PTH inhibits phosphate absorption?

What is the only diuretic that increases calcium absorption?

What hormone affects reabsorption of urea?

What are the 3 actions of ADH?

What kind of receptors are present on the basolateral membrane of peritubular capillary for ADH?

PTH and ADH use what kind of receptor/signalling cascade?

ADH uses what type of aquaporin?

What is the diluting segment?

What are the loop diuretics?

What are the K+ sparing diuretics?

What is the cortcal diluting segment?

ADH antagonist?

ADH acts on what cells in the late DCT and Collecting duct?

How is Nephrogenic Diabetes treated?

What is the action of Thiazide diuretcs?

How is central or Neurogenic Diabetes Insipidus treated?

What are the diluting segments of the nephron?

In the presence of ADH is the water clearance positive or negative?

In the absence of ADH, is the water clearance positive or negative?

What hormone could cause clearance of H20 to be zero?

In what segment of the nephron is free water generated?

What effect do loop diuretics have on the absorptions or calcium, magnesium, sodium?

What is the normal range of arterial pH?

What is the pH range that is compatible with life?

What catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid?

What are the fixed acids?

The buffering capacity is greatest where?

In respiratory acidosis, is there hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia?

In respiratory alkalosis is there hypo or hypercalcemia?

Why does acid-base disturbance produce changes in Ca conc.?

What is the most significant intracellular buffer?

Hemoglobin in its oxygenated or deoxygenated form is a more effective buffer?
What purpose does it serve?

What are two mechanisms for excreting fixed H+?

Excretion of H+ is accompanied by what?

Where is HCO3- reabsorbed?

What produces isotonic urine?

The excretion of H+ in the late DCT and Collecting Duct is accomplished thru what 2 mechanisms?

Which cells secrete H+ in the late DCT and Collecting Duct?

Metabolic acid-base disturbances involve what?

Respiratory acid-base disturbances involve what?

When the acid-base disturbance is metabolic, what is the compensatory response?

When the acid-base disturbance is respiratory, what is the compensatory response?

What are two Beta 2 agonists?

Do high or low lung volumes increases the resistance to airflow?

What effect on resistance does viscosity have?

Hypoxia causes what in pulmonary circulation?

Hypoxia in coronary circulation causes what?

What happens to the alveoli in an infant with RDS?

Spirometry cannot measure which volume?

What is vital capacity?

What is functional residual capacity?

Highest airway resistance is where?

What growth factor is released in exercising muscle to decrease diffusion distant for Oxygen between capillaries and tissues?

Tingle body macrophages are characteristic of what?

What cells secrete renin?

What glycoprotein is present on platelet that interacts with GpIb on the vascular endothelium?

What factor along with Gp Ib helps in adhesion of platelets to exposed collage?

What is the most potent activator of platelets?

What activates phospholipase c in platelets?

Binding of thrombin to platelets does what?

What are the products of Phospholipase C action?

Activation of protein kinase C in platelets causes what?

IP3 released in platelets serves what functions?

What is the difference between primary and secondary hemeostasis?

Tenase complex cleaves what bond in Factor X?

What glycoprotein is used for platelets to aggregate?

What activates factor XII?

What activates Factor VII in Extrinsic pathway?

What is the function of tissue factor complex?

Tissue factor and tenase complex cleave what bond in Factor X?

What vitamin is needed for carboxylation of gamma-carboxy glutamyl residue?

Which factor acts as a transglutaminase?

What factor acts as a cofactor to Xa and Prothrombin?

What factor activates factor XIII?

What protein is involved in the dissolution of the secondary hemostatic plug?

What degrades active plasmin in blood?

Pepsinogen is normally bound to what?

Activators of plasminogen cleave what bond on the plasminogen molecule?

What are 3 activators of Plasminogen?

What are the 2 major inhibitors of clotting?

Anti-Thrombin III inhibits what factors?

What is the mode of action of Heparin?

What agent inhibits Heparin?

Deficiency of ATIII could lead to what?

What activates Protein C?

Protein C acts with what other protein?

Protein S + Protein C acts to inhibit what clotting factors?

Von Willebrand disease is said to be a disease of the intrinsic pathway, why?

What is defective in von Willebrand Disease?

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome is characterized by absence of what?
What is the characteristic shape of platelets?

A Disorder in which Gp-IIb is deficient is called?

Whats the common form of inherited Hypercoagubility?

PTT tests the function of which pathway?

PT tests the function of which pathway?

What effect does Angiotensinogen II have on GFR?

Increased blood flow thru the afferent arteriole would have what effect on the arterioles?

What hormone mediates the uptake of Urea?

What 2 substances are used to measure GFR?

Why are Creatinine and Inulin used to measure GFR?

If GFR is high, what is the conc of creatinine in the serum?

If the GFR is low, what is the concentration of creatinine in the serum?

What is used to measure RBF?

What is used to measure RPF?

What is used to measure afferent arteriole?

What is used to measure efferent arteriole?

If you are dependent on filtration what test should be followed?

If you are dependent on secretion, what test should be followed?

If a drug is totally filtered what is it dependent on?

If a drug is secreted what is it dependent

What causes Fanconi's syndrome?

High urine, CA, Mg, PO4, aa, glu are characteristic of what condition?

Macula Densa senses what?

Glutaminase is located where?

Spironolactone blocks what?

Triamterene and amelioride block what?

What is the difference in skeletal and smooth muscle with regards to Ca2+ action?

Vascular smooth muscles have what ADH receptor, VI and V2?

Streptococcus pyogens produces what that increases body temperature?

CFTR is what type of gated channel?

What are neurophysins?

In what condition would one see Osteitis Fibrous Cystica?

How would renal failure cause Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica?

Pulsatile release of GnRH is used to treat what?

What factors stimulate the secretion of ADH?

Which ETC complexes utilize iron?

Which complex utilizes Cu in the ETC?