History II

Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.

was an important United States
railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates.

The company controlled the Northern Pacific Railway, GreatNorthern Railway, Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, and other associated lines.

The companywas sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt, one of the first anti-trust cases filed against corporateinterests instead of labor.

He is noted for his
energetic personality, range of interests and achievements, leadership of the Progressive
Movement, and his
"cowboy" image and robust masculinity

He was a leader of the Republican Party and founder of the short-lived Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party of 1912. Before becoming President (1901–09), he
held offices at the municipal, state, and federal
level of government.

achievements as a naturalist, explorer, hunter,
author,and soldier are as much a part of his fame as any office he held as a
politician

is a 1903 United States federal law that
amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887.

authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates.

The law was sponsored by
President Theodore Roosevelt as a part of his "Square Deal" domestic program, and greatly boosted his
popularity

attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform through governmental action

is often viewed in opposition to conservative or reactionary ideologies.

"a man with every gift except humor and silence."

He achieved popularity in the first half of the 20th century, acquiring particular fame for his 1906 muckraking novel The Jungle.

was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American author who wrote more than 90 books in many
genres

It exposed conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act

is a private, non-profit organization in the United States that serves as a leading proponent for the national child labor reform movement. Its mission is to promote "the rights, awareness, dignity, well-being and education of children and youth as they relate to work and working

primarily, a reporter or writer who investigates and publishes truthful reports involving a host of social issues, broadly including crime and corruption and often involving elected officials, political leaders and influential members of business and
industry

The term is closely
associated with a number of important writers who emerged in the 1890s through
the 1930s, a period roughly concurrent with the Progressive Era in the United States

These writers focused on a wide range of issues including the monopoly of Standard Oil; cattle processing and meat packing; patent medicines; child labor; and wages, labor, and working conditions in industry and
agriculture

requires the United States Department of Agriculture to inspect all cattle, sheep, goats, and horses when slaughtered and processed into products for human consumption

this act made sure that meat was thoroughly inspected before reaching its consumers.

The primary goals of the law are to prevent adulterated or misbranded livestock and
products from being sold as food, and to ensure that meat and meat products (as
well as poultry) are slaughtered and processed under sanitary condition

was a 19th century American progressive political activist and a muckraking journalist

He is best remembered for his exposés of the Standard Oil Company.

a United States federal law
that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture,
sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent
medicines

was an American journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher, and one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking.

was the 27th President of the United States and later the tenth Chief Justice of the United States. He is the only person to have served in both
offices

his domestic agenda emphasized trust-busting, civil service reform, strengthening the Interstate Commerce Commission, improving the performance of the postal service, and passage of the Sixteenth Amendment. Abroad, Taft sought to further the economic
development of underdeveloped nations in Latin America and Asia through "Dollar Diplomacy"

a procedure by which a specified number of voters maypropose a statute, constitutional amendment, orordinance, and compel a popular vote on its adoption.

the principle or practice of referring measures proposed orpassed by a legislative body to the vote of the electorate forapproval or rejection

to the United States Constitution allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results. This amendment exempted income taxes from the constitutional requirements regarding direct taxes, after income taxes on rents, dividends, and interest were ruled to be direct taxes in Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.

was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. He is regarded as the
father of scientific management and was one of the first management consultants

one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive
Era

to the United States Constitution established direct election of United States Senators by popular vote. The amendment supersedes Article I, § 3, Clauses 1 and 2 of the Constitution, under which Senators were elected by state legislatures

was the deadliest industrial disaster in the history of the city of New York and resulted in the fourth highest loss of life from an industrial
accident in U.S. history

led to legislation requiring improved factory safety standards and helped spur the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union, which fought for better working conditions for sweatshop workers.

was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held a "liberty of contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

The case involved a New York law that limited the number of hours that a baker could work each day to ten, and limited the number of hours that a baker could work each week to 60

is the right of women to vote and to run for office.

The expression is also used for the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending these rights to women and without any restrictions or qualifications such as property ownership, payment of tax, or marital status

a leader of the women's suffrage movement in the
United States. She was also a physician and the first
ordained female Methodist minister in the United States

was a women's suffrage leader who campaigned for
the Nineteenth Amendment to the United
States Constitution which gave U.S. women the
right to vote in 1920

effort to make government more efficient

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election The central issue he argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights.

Theodore insisted that only a powerful federal government could regulate the economy and guarantee social justice, and that a President can only succeed in making his economic agenda successful if he makes the protection of human welfare his highest priority.

scheme of government that
assigns responsibility for municipal administration to a nonpartisan manager chosen by the city
council because of his or her administrative expertise.

A leader of the Progressive Movement persuaded a Democratic Congress to pass the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the Federal Farm Loan Act and America's first-ever
federal progressive income tax in the Revenue Act of 1913.

as an American Republican (and later a Progressive) politician. He served as a member of the U.S.
House of Representatives, was the Governor of Wisconsin, and was also aU.S. Senator from Wisconsin

is the political philosophy developed in the American state of Wisconsin that fosters public
universities' contributions to the state: "to the government in the forms of serving in office, offering advice about public policy, providing information and exercising technical skill, and to the citizens in the forms of doing research directed at solving problems that are important to the state and conducting outreach activities."

the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential
campaign. They called for less government but in practice as president he added
new controls such as the Federal Reserve System and the Clayton Antitrust Act.

three types of reform:

The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed after a split in the Republican Party between President William Howard Taft and former President Theodore Roosevelt

is an independent agency of the United
States government,established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of what regulators perceive to be harmfully anti-competitive business practices, such as coercive monopoly.

was the leading organization lobbying for prohibition in the United States in the early 20th century.
It was a key component of the Progressive Era It concentrated on legislation,
and cared about how legislators voted, not whether they drank or not

is the Act of Congress that
created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America,
and granted it the legal authority to issue legal tender

was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal fields of easternPennsylvania. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal

It was the first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator.

was enacted in the United Statesto add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to
prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.

specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement
scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures.

was President Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed
upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations,
and consumer protection

it aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor.

unique blend of an advocacy for Christianity, democracy and self determination ( approach nation states to practice these 3 things and give them a favored nation status -- an ally)

was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire to Mexico to make war against the United States. The proposal was declined
by Mexico, but angered Americans and led in part to a U.S. declaration of war in April. got us in the war, fresh insult to the US.

lead Wilson to ask congress for declaration of war

was a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico. Huerta's supporters were
known as Huertistas during the Mexican
revolution.

as a general officer in the United States Army. Pershing is the only person to
be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies (a retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976^[1] promoted George Washington to the
same rank but with higher seniority^[2])

started off as a minor incident involving U.S. sailors and Mexican land forces loyal to General Victoriano Huerta during the guerra de las facciones phase of the Mexican Revolution.

The misunderstanding occurred
on April 9, 1914, but would fully transpire into the breakdown of diplomatic
relations between the two countries, and the occupation of the port city ofVeracruz for over
six months.

was a professional mining engineer and
author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the
1920s under Presidents Warren G. Harding andCalvin Coolidge, he
promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric
"economic modernization".

which began with the Battle
of Veracruz, lasted
for six months in response to theTampico Affair of April 9, 1914. The incident came in the midst of poor diplomatic
relations between Mexico and the United States,
related to the ongoing Mexican Revolution.

was a United States government agency
established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the
purchase of war supplies

The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase
efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The
board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted
psychological testing to help people find the right jobs.

was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of
the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of
1914 and during his administration thecurrent
constitution of Mexico was drafted.

an investigative
journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the
head of the United StatesCommittee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by
President Woodrow Wilson during World War I.

It prohibited any attempt to interfere with military operations, to support U.S. enemies
during wartime, to promote insubordination in the military, or to interfere
with military recruitment

was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by
President Woodrow Wilson on May 16, 1918.^[1] It forbade the use of
"disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United
States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view
the American government or its institutions with contempt. The act also allowed
the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail
that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only
to times "when the United States is in war."

was one of the two sides that participated in World War I and was also known as theTriple
Alliance, the other being the Triple Entente (Allied
Powers)

also called the Battle of the Argonne
Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the
entire western front.

was a speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The
address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a
moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe.

was an intergovernmental
organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference, and the precursor to the United
Nations. was the first permanent
international security organization whose principle mission was to maintain
world peace.

primary goals, as stated in its Covenant, included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration

was a nationalistic, militaristic, and eventually quasi-fascist nonprofit, nonpartisan organization that supported
the naturalization and Americanization ofimmigrants, Americanism, a strong military, universal conscription, meritocracy and government regulation of the economy to enhance
national preparedness.

was the meeting of the Allied
victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for Germany and
other defeated nations, and to deal with the empires of the defeated powers
following the Armistice of 1918.

met, discussed and came up with a series of
treaties that reshaped the map of Europe and the world, and imposed guilt and
stiff financial penalties on Germany

The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against
external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political
independence of all Members of the League.

In the case of any such
aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the Council
shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be fulfilled.

denotes two distinct
periods of strong Anti-Communism in the United States 1) about worker (socialist) revolution and political
radicalism. 2) focused on national and
foreign communists influencing society or infiltrating the federal government, or both.

wereanarchists who were convicted of
murdering two men during a 1920 armed
robbery in South Braintree, Massachusetts. After a controversial
trial and a series of appeals, the two Italian immigrants were executed on August 23,
1927

was an American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology
teacher John
Scopes was accused of violating
the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to
teach evolution.

was the movement of 2 million blacks out of the Southern
United States to the Midwest, Northeast and West from 1910 to 1930.^[1] African Americans migrated
to escape racism and to seek jobs in industrial
cities.

was a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent
of the Black
Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he
founded the Universal
Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League

is the practice of prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, import,
export, sale, and consumption of alcohol and alcoholic beverages.

American civil rights organization in the United
States, formed in 1909.^[3] Its mission is "to
ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of
all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination".^[4] Its name, retained in
accordance with tradition, is one of the last surviving uses of the term colored people.

was an American suffragette and
activist. Along with Lucy Burns and
others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that
resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920.

was an American sex
educator, birth control activist
and the founder of the American
Birth Control League.

was Attorney General of the United
States from 1919 to 1921. He was
nicknamedThe Fighting Quaker and he directed the
controversial Palmer Raids.