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Pre-Romantic Poets:
combined neoclassical with Romantic ideals
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Thomas Gray
- "elegy written in a Country Churchyard
- Perfectionist, so didn't publish much
- Became something of a hermit
- formally educated
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Robert Burns
- 'the voice of Scotland'
- Poverty prevented a formal education but he was well read.
- wrote most of his poems in the Scottish dialect
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William Blake
- One of the most important
- self-taught
- originally apprenticed to be a painter; illustrated his own writings
- union of opposites "tradition" with new eyes, innocence and experience
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Describe writing of Romantic Era.
Writers begin insisting that the world be viewed from the heart, not the mind.
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Rulers of Hanover Dynasty
- George III
- George IV
- William IV
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George III
- 1760-1820
- went mad in 1811
- government was ruled by a regent, his eldest son
- Called the Regency Period
- second longest reign of a British monarch so far (59 years)
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George IV
- 1820-1830
- was George, Prince of Wales
- Regent for his father 1811-1820
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William IV
- 1830-1837
- Brother of George IV
- Old and weak, but an amiable king
- Left no legitimate children
- Died one month after his niece, Victoria, came of age, avoiding another regency
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What did the weakness of kings provide?
The weaknesses of these three kings helped enhance the prime ministers who were chosen by the strongest party in Parliament
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What is Romanticism?
- writers reacting strongly to the events of their time, especially the revolutions
- write with a perspective that focused on nature and the common people
- just like the French Revolutionaries, Romantic writers discarded what governed the 18th century writers
- Named romantic era because of a resurgence of interest in the medieval romances- imaginary tales of adventure written in one of Roman dialects
- Not only literature, but also the arts
- -beethoven, shubert= music
- -Turner= painting
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Authors/Romantic Poets
- William Wordsworth
- Samuel Coleridge
- George Gordon, Lord Byron
- Percy Bysshe Shelley
- John Keats
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William Wordsworth & Samuel Coleridge
- Collaborated together on lyrical ballads
- The preface explained the poetic principles they followed. Poetry is "the spontaneous over flow of personal feelings."
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Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats
- Came of age during the Napoleonic era
- Rebelled against conservatism
- Died abroad at young ages
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Romantic Novelists:
- Did not break with the past as much
- Came in 3 types
- -Gothic (Mary Shelley)
- -Novel of manners (Jane Austen)
- -Historical Romance (imaginative works of fiction built around real people or historical events)
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Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus
- Gothic Novel
- -one branch of the Romantic movement
- -often set in medieval society
- -Contains supernatural occurences
- -created to evoke terror in readers
- -created to show the dark side of human nature
- -Main protagonist is egocentric: Victor Frankenstein
- -Gothic novels are regarded as the precursors to modern mystery and science fiction
- -often written by women
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Women of the Romantic Era (esp. gothic writers)
- -women were uncommon writers of the time
- -possibly provided a way for women to address feminist issues and disadv. they face
- -also a way for women to present a safe image of their hidden desires
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Mystery and Science Fiction
Mystery= uses suspense to create terror; logic replaces need for provable fact
Science Fiction= uses the discoveries in science and technology; some provable scientific facts are incorporated.
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