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acute bronchitis
infection of the primary and secondary bronchi
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alveolus
air sac of a lung
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asthma
condition in which bronchioles constrict and cause difficulty breathing
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auditory (Eustachian) tube
extension from the middle ear to the nasopharynx that equalizes air pressure on the eardrum.
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bicarbonate ion
ion that participates in buffering the blood; the form in which carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream.
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bronchiole
smaller air passages in the lungs that begin at the bronchi and terminate in alveoli.
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bronchus
one of two major divisions of the trachea leading to the lungs
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carbaminhemoglobin
hemoglobin carrying carbon dioxide
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carbonic anhydrase
enzyme in red blood cells that speeds the formation of carbonic acid from the reactants water and carbon dioxide.
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chemoreceptor
sensory receptor sensitive to chemical stimuli - ex: receptors for taste and smell.
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chronic bronchitis
obstructive pulmonary disorder that tends to recur; marked by inflamed airways filled with mucus and degenerative changes in the bronchi, including loss of cilia.
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cough
sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infections.
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dead air space
volume of inspired air that cannot be exchanged with blood.
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emphysema
degenerative lung disorder in which the bursting of alveolar walls reduces the total surface area for gas exchange.
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epiglottis
structure that covers the glottis during the process of swallowing.
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expiration
act of expelling air from the lungs; also called exhalation.
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expiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
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external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and blood
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glottis
opening for airflow in the larynx
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infant respiratory distress syndrome
condition in newborns especially premature ones, in which the lungs collapse because of a lack of surfactant lining the alveoli.
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inspiration
act of taking air into the lungs; also called inhalation.
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inspiratory reserve volume
volume of air that can be forcibly inhaled after normal inhalation
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internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue fluid.
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laryngitis
infection of the larynx with accompanying hoarseness.
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larynx
cartilaginous organ located between the pharynx and the trachea that contains the vocal cords; also called the voice box.
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lung cancer
malignant growth that often begins in the bronchi
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lungs
paired, cone-shaped organs within the thoracic cavity; function in internal respiration and contain moist surfaces for gas exchange.
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nasal cavity
one of two canals in the nose, separated by a septum.
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otitis media
infection of the middle ear, characterized by pain and possibly by a sense of fullness, hearing, loss, vertigo, and fever.
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oxyhemoglobin
compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin
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pharynx
portion of the digestive tract between the mouth and the esophagus that serves as a passageway for food and also for air on its way to the trachea.
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pleurae
serous membrane that encloses the lungs
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pneumonectomy
surgical removal of all or part of a lung
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pnemonia
infection of the lungs that causes alveoli to fill with mucus and pus.
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pulmonary fibrosis
accumulation of fibrous connective tissue in the lungs; caused by inhaling irritating particles such as silica, coal, dust, or asbestos.
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pulmonary tuberculosis
tuberculosis of the lungs, caused by the bacillus mycobacterium tuberculosis
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reduced hemoglobin
hemoglobin carrying hydrogen ions
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residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful expiration
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respiratory control center
group of nerve cells in the medulla oblongata that sends out nerve impulses on a rhythmic basis, resulting in involuntary inspiration on an ongoing basis.
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sinusitis
infection of the sinuses, caused by blockage of the openings to the sinuses and characterized by postnatal discharge and facial pain.
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
any sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant aged one month to one year.
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surfactant
agent that reduces the surface tension of water; in the lungs, a surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing.
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tidal volume
amount of air normally moved in the human body during an inspiration or expiration
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tonsils
partially encapsulated lymph nodules located in the pharynx
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tonsillectomy
surgical removal of the tonsils
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tonsillitis
infection of the tonsils that causes inflammation and can spread to the middle ears
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trachea
passageway that conveys air from the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe
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tracheostomy
creation of an artificial airway by incision of the trachea and insertion of a tube
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ventilation
process of moving air into and out of the lungs; also called breathing
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vital capacity
maximum amount of air moved in or out of the human body with each breathing cycle.
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vocal cord
fold of tissue within the larynx; creates vocal sounds when it vibrates.
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