Fluency Test 2

One of the best known obstervations is that stuttering appears to _____________.

What 2 people are associated with the Newcastle Study?

Incidence in 1st degree relatives of stutterers is how may times that in the general population?

What's the main name associated with the familial genetical model study or statistical model to predict an inheritance pattern that re-examined Andrews & Harris data?

Kidd's statistical model ruled out simple _________, sex-linked recessive or dominant transmission.

Analysis from Andrews & Harris and Kidd & assoc. suggest that a "multifactorial _________ and _________ interaction" model might account for familial patterns.

Genetic and Environmental Interaction appear to provide a "____________" that is manifested in various ways and includes stuttering.

What's wrong with the "predisposition" theory associated with genetic and environmental interaction?

Findings differ in _________ surrounding female stutterers.

Duration since onset of stuttering in different levels of _________ may have been relied on in studies.

1. Inadequate definitions
2. Lack of stuttering relatives verified
3. Exclusion of relatives beyond 1st degree
4. Spontaneous recovery #s inaccurate
are all examples of?

We inherit a genetic ______, but we also inherit an atmospheres of _______ that can pervade the entire family.

Johnson suggested "______ ______" in regard to heriditary manner of transmission for stuttering.

Johnson pointed out that attitudes and a general "climate of ______" can be "inherited" in a family.

_______found very few stutterers in the KS branch of an IO family that had many stutterers.

Various studies have consistenly suggested large proportions os stutterers among _______ _______.

Identical twins inheriting identical genetic code when one fertilized egg splits.

Fraternal twins sharing only half of their genetic code.

There is evidence of greater "_________" (occurrence of stuttering in both) for identical twins. (Andrews)

Evidence contradicting genetic inheritance....some twin pairs are "________."

Howie found ____ out of 16 identical pairs had only one member who stuttered.

Who analyzed physical and behavioral similarities in 95 twin pairs raised apart?

In 95 twin pairs, how many cases in Farber's analysis did she identify stuttering?

Farber is quoted to say that of all the speech characteristics, "only stuttering seems _________ related."

An interpretation for presumed incidence in twin pairs by West is that there is a "__________ prediposition."

An interpretation for presumed incidence in twin pairs by Schuell is that the _________ less mature member of a twin pair is pressured to keep up.

An interpretation for presumed incidence in twin pairs by Nelson is that similar ________ and _______ of pairs leads to appearance of "concordance."

Who did an adoption study that found that 4 of 13 stutterers had adoptive family members who stutter.

Who's data in regard to adoption studies found that stuttering in biological families was more predictive than adoptive families?

From studies of primitive societies lead to the conclusion that high incidence of stuttering is associated with what factors?

Several researchers have identified specific chromosomes that may be related to the "stuttering _______"

What percentage range resulting from studies has been revealed to show stutterers having no family hx of stuttering?

________ can NOT be assumed to be the only factor to cause stuttering.

Who searched for "lack of lateral dominance" (less activity in the left hemisphere during speech) through EEG studies?

Many studies have suggestted a greater level of right side during speech than nonstutteres involving structures that "________" the areas of the left hemisphere normally involved in speech.

What studies have used radioactive "tracers" to mark areas of greater brain activity indicated by concentrations of blood flow?

What 4 factors can influence brain imaging studies?

Overactivation of R. Hemisphere
Inactivity of L. Auditory cortex
Less dense White Matter in Operculum
are all general findings of what type of studies?

Difficulty with ________ may result from stutterers less efficient use of L. Hemisphere &/or greater reliance on R. Hemisphere.

Left Hemisphere is best suited for more _______changing signals (like speech).

Right Hemisphere is better suited for more _______ changing signals (like music).

Curlee cautions the reflection of the R. Hemisphere's role in ________ expression.

"__________" between the "speech hemisphere" and "emotions hemisphere" might play a significant role in the development of stuttering.

Stutterers perform more poorly on tasks involving perception of synthetic speech signals tracking onsets & offsets of tones in the presence of masking is evidenced in ____________.

Speech involves simultaneous motor-planning-execution and sensory feedback is known as __________ control.

It has been suggested that fear and anxiety affect _________ processing.

If a single ______ mechanism is responsible for timing of input-output signals, perhaps a deficit in this mechanism would result in stuttering.

What terminology would you associate with the recording of a person pushing a button, saying a word, start-stop phonation, tracking a rising-falling tone?

There's consistent findings of slower reaction times in stutterers especially when ________ stimuli are used.

Who's quote is: "The differences between stutterers and nonstutterers have shown themselves to be neither necessary nor sufficient to create stuttering."

What are "indirect" measures of basic speech processes?

What are a "direct" measures of speech ability?

Stuttering is not an "_________" event; instead the stutterer fluctuates along a _________ of fluency.

What are some nonspeech motor skills of general body coordination that are affected in stutterers?

Stuttering onset often associated with _______ development.

What are 2 specific language factors that influence stuttering?

Stutterers tend to be later in dev. S-L, especially in the area of __________.

What are some areas of S-L development where stutterers frequently lag behind?

Stutterers are ________ times more likely to exhibit articulation disorders.

What attributes of stuttering illustrate that a child who struggles with artic and lang dev. may come to believe that speech is difficult?

Anxiety and _______ arousal is associated with stuttering.

Stutterers temperament as a group may be more _________ and ________.

What type of medical hx can be generalized with stutterers?

_______ may not be as important as the opportunity or "pressure" to achieve--primarily through speech.

In regard to intelligence, stutterers are__________.

Incidence of stutterers is higher in ____ _______ populations.

There is speculation that the greater the deficit one has in ______ _______, the greater the likelihood of stuttering.

Stutterers in school are evidence to have poorer educational _______.

Stutterers tend to be how far behind their peers?

What 2 factors are associated with stutterers scoring lower in school achievement tests?

What potential contributing developmental/environmental factors can influence stuttering?

What time period (age range) are contributing factors of stuttering most critically involved? (same as onset of stuttering)

There is not a single factor or even a distinctive set of conditions that characterizes the "________________"

Who noted the seeming "ordinariness" of the environment at the onset of stuttering?

It is typically _______ to identify "the" precipitating factor responsible for onset.

In this model, the brain must share its capacity with many different demands in the developing child (computer's "multitasking" and slowed processing)

The brain's performance may be more affected by the ______ of the tasks.

The more dissimilar the tasks (driving and talking) the ______ interference.

The more similar the tasks (rubbing stomach while patting head) the _______ interference.

If language races ahead of the motor skills in articulation, the _______ on that system exceed its _______.

Intensive growth in physical development happens between what years?

What areas of physical development show the most intensive growth from ages 1 to 6?

Rapidly developing abilities may compete with fluency for _______ resources.

Few children learn to walk and talk ________.

Children learning a new motor skill may become _________.

Rapid physical growth (especially in vocal tract) causes _______ targets to change.

Crawling, sitting, walking, feeding, dressing, etc. are examples of essentially normal _______ ________.

This development involves perceiving, recalling, classifying, reasoning, imagining, problem solving, etc.

Cognitive Development is closely intertwined with "________."

What psychologist is associated with the Role of Stages of Cognitive Development?

What 2 Stages of Cognitive Development are there associated in the role of stuttering?

This period of cognitive development if from birth to 2 yrs old and is primarily concerned with "coordinating" perceptual and motor systems to explore and interpret the world.

This period of cognitive development is from 2-6 yrs old and is concerned w/ lang. & cognitive development.

________ ________ may interfere with coordination of speech movements.

Parent reports frequently correlate early disfluency with conditions of ________.

Davis reported in his research "excitement over own activity" was most likely to result in ________.

Johnson et al. wrote that parent reports of "onset" most often involved conditions of excitement or ______ ________.

Other social conditions that can attribute to onset of stuttering include:

___________ abilities may signal beginning of self-awareness.

As children, onset of stuttering may have slight tendency for more syptoms of overall psychological _________.

What are Four Broad Conclusions in regard to overall psychological adjustment?

With increasing information and more language with which to express it, if the child succumbs to time-pressures to speak more quickly, his production accuracy may suffer.

Relationships among _______ development, normal _________, and stuttering have been documented.

There are increases is disfluency in what 2 ways?

Pearl & Bernthal noted fewest disfluencies on SAD, but most on ______ sentence types.

Linguistic complexity is a ________variable.

Children with _______ delays are less likely to recover from stuttering, especially those with _______ delays.

This theory implicates parents' role in onset of stuttering and spurred research into differences between parents of stutterers vs. parents of nonstutterers.

Who is associated with Diagnosogenic Theory?

Moncur interview study found mothers of stutterers were more:

Johnson's theory believes parents of stutterers to be more __________ having higher standards of behavior.

Andrews & Harris's Newcastle study depicting parents of general inclination to be poor parents due to "_____ ______ _______."

Bloodstein concluded there is no substantial evidence that parents of stutterers are _______ or ______.

______________ are perhaps the clearest evidence that parents aren't the primary factor in causing stuttering.

One study suggested that the _______ of speaking may be higher in parents of stutterers.

Mothers of Non-S and severe S _______ more often when children are disfluent.

Mothers of severe stutterers exhibited more "_________" than mothers of milder stutterers.

Overall, no clear, consistend differences between _____ ________ of stutterers and nonstutterers; not a necessary or sufficient factor.

Children who may be vulnerable to stuttering may have their fluency affected by ________ life events.

Who found 16 situations in which parents first recalled noticing their child's stuttering?

What are 4 of the 16 situations that Johnon found where parents reported recall of noticing their child's stuttering?

________ is not a necessary or sufficient condition to the onset of stuttering.

What are the 3 Learning Factors that "condition" stutterers?

This type of learning takes place when there is a repeated association between a neutral stimulus (phone) and another stimulus (stuttering) that naturally and consistently evoke a response.

In this type of learning, the frequency at which a behavior occurs is related to the consequences that follow. If behavior is followed by a reward, it increases; if it is followed by aversive consequence, it decreases.

Elevator button pushing and wearing a lucky shirt to take an exam are illustrations of what type of operant conditioning?

Getting a speeding ticket that in turn makes you drive more cautiously as a result is an example of what kind of operant conditioning?

This kind of operant conditioning occurs whenever a behavior (escape behavior) is followed by the termination of an unpleasant situation

"Cancellation" and "Pullout" techniques are examples of _______ _________.

Operant conditioning can increase the frequency of _________ ________.

This conditioning can increase the frequency of behaviors that stutterers use to postpone or evade expected stutterers.

What 2 people are associated with Cerebral Dominance Therory (aka Handedness Theory)

Cerebral Dominance Theory (Handedness) theorized that stutterers lack of ________ dominance.

According to Handedness Theory, stuttering occurs only when the _____________ is insufficient.

Margin of Dominance risks for developing stutttering include:

This is based on a "hand usage" questionaire devloped by Johnson on which cubjects indicated which hand they used to perform common tasks (1.00 total R. handedness or 0.00 for perfect left-handedness)

The unexpected results of the handedness theory was that stutterers in most cases turned out to be relatively ______ handed like the general population.

Various tests were devised which seemed to suggest mixed or confused dominance in stutterers.

What are the 3 inefficient localizations of speech and lanugage processing in stutterers. (telecommunications center illustrations)

This test involved simultaneous drawing of a figure with both hands on both sides of a vertical board closed at varying degrees.

More ambidextrous= more ______ the critical angle.

This theory focuses on the role of testosterone in fetal development.

The timing of excess testosterone as sex differentiantion occurs (becoming male) may ________ the developmnet of the _______ hemisphere.

Who is associated with the Hormonal Theory?

If the L. hemisphere is unprepared to accept the _______ ________ cells for S-L, these may instead migrate to the R. Hemisphere.

Acc. to Hormonal Theory, the placement of specialized nerve cells in R. hemisphere and resulting interconnection usually is not efficient reslting in:

According to Webster, overflow of R. hemisphere activations (emotions) disrupts ___________ for speech.

"When a person stutters on a word, there is a temporal disruption of the simultaneous and successive programming of muscular movements required to produce one of the word's integrated sounds..."

Who is associated with stuttering as a Disorder of Timing?

Stuttering as a Disorder of Timing requires assuming a _____________ exists.

This theory shows that learning speech involves storing up perceptual models of sounds we hear & in producing them, this stored info. is translated into motor commands needed to produce them.

Who is associated with the Inverse Internal Model Theory?

Producing an utterance according to the Inverse Internal Model Theory requires:

__________ of beginning stuttering results from inability to make and use "inverse" internal models of the speech production system.

What observations/speculations did Neilson & Neilson report in the Inverse Internal Model Theory?

*"Covert Repair" hypothesis
*Dyssynchrony of Cerebral lan. functions
*Dyssynchrony in R. & L. Hemispheres
are all examples of stuttering as a _______ ________ Deficit.

*Unstable Neuromuscular system
*Neural Oscillations
*Autonomic arousal/Emotions
are all examples of stuttering _______ ______.

This theory's premise is that a child's normal disfluencies cause parental reactions that result in attempts to avoid anxious parental reactions and in doing so causes stuttering.

Interaction Hypothesis states stuttering results from interaction among 3 factors:

The quote "Stuttering is caused by communicative failure as perceived by the child." is from what theory?

Who is associate with the theory Communicative Failure and Anticipatory Struggle?

What are factors that may contribute to the child's belief that "speech is difficult?"

This theory combines constitutional predisposition interacting with environmental pressures.

Reduced capacites may stem from:

Demands may stem from:

This psychology driven theory emphasizing the learning environment is based off of research in animal behavior where rat was measured on its approach vs. avoidance gradient in regard to food/electrocution.

Who is associated with the Approach-Avoidance Conflict theory?

In the Approach-Avoidance Conflict theory, stuttering occurs when stutterer's _______ to speak and their ______ of speaking are equal.

In regard to Capacities & Demands, who said: "Whether one will become a stutterer depends on one's neurological capacity...and the demand posed by the speech act."

In regard to Capacities & Demands, who said: "a child who has begun to stutter is probably a child who has had too many demands placed on him while receiving too little support"

Who explained stuttering onset & development are based off of the concepts of capacities and demands illustrated by parents asking questions rapidly, interrupting frequently, & using complex sentences choked with big words and are impatient.

This theory includes the influence of classical and operant conditioning learning models.

Who is associated with the Conditioned Disintegration or "Two-Factor Theory?"

Factor I of the "Two-Factor Theory" deals with ________ conditioned negative emotions (anxiety) that become increasingly associated w/ speech associated cues (listener, words, situations).

Factor I of the "Two-Factor Theory" deals with ________ conditioned secondary features conditioned through negative reinforcement (avoidance/escape).

Experimentally controlled stuttering through negative reinforcement consequences (105 dB blast).

What are names associated with Stuttering as an Operant Behavior?

Process whereby normal nonfluencies evolve (are shaped) into stutterings through progressive cycles of negative reinforcement. (Microscopic abnormalities in fluent speech may reflect this "shaping" process)

Repetitions while "manding" resulting in listener's eventual attention/action
Repetition while "pleading" to evoke sympathy
are examples of what type of Operant Influences?