-
What type of drugs are used to manipulate the CNS?
-
Drugs used to induce general anesthesia
- Local anaesthesic drugs
- Muscle relaxant drugs
- Inhalational anaesthetic drugs
-
What are the 4 forms of anesthesia?
- General
- Regional
- Spinal
- Epidural
-
What key neurotransmitters are you blocking with drugs affecting the CNS?
- Glutamate
- y-amino butyric acid (GABA)
- Glycine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
- Acetylcholine
- Histamine
- Endogenous opioids
-
What are the two ways neurotransmitters can be classified?
- By chemical structure
- By effect on neurons (excitatory or inhibitory)
-
What neurotransmitter is excitatory, is the ligand for inotropic receptors (AMPA, NMDA, Kainate) and metabotropic receptors? (NMDA plays a key role in synaptic plasticity)
Glutamate
-
What neurotransmitter is inhibitory in the mammalian CNS and is also involved in the regulation of muscle tone?
GABA
-
What neurotransmitter is a key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord and is also an obligatory coagonist for excitatory NMDA receptor activation?
Glycine
-
What neurotransmitter acts on alpha1, alpha2, beta1, and beta2 receptors and acts on axons of the neurons in the locus coeruleus?
Norepinephrine
-
What neurotransmitter is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on 2 key receptor types (further divided into a total of 5 subtypes)?
Dopamine
-
What neurotransmitter is produced by the enterochromaffin cells and plays a major role in several classes of pharmacological antidepressants?
Serotonin
-
What neurotransmitter works through H1 and H3 receptors? (H1 receptor antagonists drugs are well known to cause drowsiness)
Histamine
-
What are some reasons to give sedatives before inducing general anaesthsia?
- Calm animals so they can be more easily handled
- Help reduce the amount of other anaesthetic drugs
- Provide pre-emptive analgesia
-
Acepromaine is an antagonist of what receptors :
- dopamine
- alpha1 r
- histamine H
- serotonin (5HT2)
-
What sedative causes hypotension, has an anti-arrhythmic effect, decreases the PCV and platelet numbers, and can produce penile relaxation in cattle and horses?
Acepromazine
-
Which dogs seem to be extremely sensitive to acepromazine?
-
What are some contraindications for acepromazine (ACP) (6)?
- Hypovolemic or shocked animals
- animals with impaired liver function
- anemic animals
- animals at risk of seizuring
- Breeding stallions
- skin testing for atopy
-
What class of sedatives do droperidol and azaperone fall under?
Butyrophenones
-
What drugs block the action of dopamine and norepinephrine and are a weak alpha-adrenoreceptor inhibitor?
Butyrophenones
-
Which sedative is a short acting tranquilizer that is primarily used in pigs?
Azaperone
-
Alpha2 agonists
- Xylazine
- Detomidine
- Romifidine
- Medetomidine
- Dexmedotomidine
-
Alpha2 antagonists
- Atipamezoie
- Yohimbine
- Tolazoline
-
Which animals are relatively insensitive to all alpha2 drugs?
Pigs
|
|
