Chapter 29

A plant having a life cycle that starts and ends in one growing season

Mass of dividing cells at root tips and shoot tips

Of woody plants, all tissues that are external to the vascular cambium

A dormant shoot, mostly meristematic tissue and often sheathed in small, young leaves. A lateral (axillary) this forms in a leaf axil; a terminal bud forms at a shoot tip and is the main zone of primary growth

One of three simple plant tissues. Flexibly supports rapidly growing plant parts. Its elongated cells, alive at maturity, have a pectin-rich primary wall that is thickened where three or more these cells abut

Specialized parenchyma cell that helps load sugars into conducting cells of phloem

Tissue component of bark with many suberized layers; waterproofs, insulates, and protects woody stem and root surfaces

A lateral meristem, the descendants of which replace epidermis with cork on woody plant parts

Seed leaf; part of a flowering plant embryo. In eudicots, two of thesse absorb nutrients from endosperm, emerge aboveground as the seed germinates, and transfer nutrients that sustain early growth; photosynthetic before true leaves form. In most monocots, one small this helps transfer nutrients from endosperm to the embryo, but it remains underground when a seed germinates and is never photosynthetic

Of plants, a cover of transparent waxes and cutin on the outer wall of epidermal cells. Of annelids, a thin, flexible coat. Of arthropods, a lightweight exoskeleton hardened with chitin

Lipid polymer synthesized by land plants and deposited in cell walls and on the outer surface of epidermal cells

Tissues that cover and protect all exposed plant surfaces

Cylindrical, sheetlike cell layer around the root vascular cylinder; helps control water and solute uptake

Outermost tissue layer of plants and nearly all animals

Flowering plant characterized by having embryos with two cotyledons; net-veined leaves; and floral parts in fours, fives, or multiples of these

Lateral branchings of adventitious roots arising from a new stem

Parenchyma and other tissues; the bulk of a plant body

One of the alternating bands of early and late wood; a “tree ring.”

One of two cells that define a stoma across leaf or stem epidermis.

Strong, dense wood with many vessels, tracheids, and fibers in xylem

Dense, dry tissue at the core of aging tree stems and roots; helps trees defy gravity and store metabolic wastes

Plant stem between two nodes

Axillary bud. A dormant shoot that forms in a leaf axil

Vascular cambium or cork cambium. A sheetlike cylinder of meristem inside older stems and roots

Outward branching from the first (primary) root of a taproot system

Chlorophyll-rich plant organ of sunlight interception and photosynthesis

Gluelike polymer deposited in secondary cell walls; makes some plant parts stronger, more waterproof, and less vulnerable to attacks

One of the localized zones where dividing cells gives rise to differentiated cell lineages that form all mature plant tissues

Photosynthetic parenchyma with many air spaces

; flowering plant characterized by embryo sporophytes having one cotyledon; floral parts usually in threes (or multiples of three); and often parallel-veined leaves

A location along the length of a stem where one or more leaves form

One of the simple plant tissues; makes up the bulk of the plant. Its living cells have roles in photosynthesis, storage, and other tasks

Plant having a life cycle that extends through three or more growing seasons

One or more cell layers inside the endodermis; gives rise to lateral roots and also contributes to secondary growth

Protective cover that replaces plant epidermis on older stems and roots

Plant vascular tissue that distributes photosynthetic products through the plant body. Its conducting tubes are interconnecting, living cells assisted by companion cells that help load solutes into the tubes

Of most eudicot stems, ground tissue inside the ring of vascular bundles

First root of a seed plant

Hairlike, absorptive extension of a young, specialized root epidermal cell

Typically belowground plant part. It absorbs water and dissolved minerals, often anchors aboveground parts and stores food

Of an older stem or root, the moist secondary growth between the vascular cambium and heartwood

One of three simple plant tissues; supports mature parts and often protects seeds. Lignin often thickens and reinforces its cell walls

A living cell that helps form a conducting tube in phloem

Wood with tracheids, no fibers or vessels; less dense than hardwood

A gap between two plumped guard cells that lets water vapor and gases diffuse across the epidermis of a leaf or primary stem; diffusion stops when the cells lose water and collapse

A primary root and all of its lateral branchings

A type of cell in xylem that conducts water and mineral ions

Multistranded, sheathed bundle of primary xylem and phloem in the ground tissue system of a stem or leaf

A lateral meristem that forms in older stems or roots

Multistranded, sheathed, cylindrical array of primary xylem and phloem inside a root

All xylem and phloem in plants that are structurally more complex than bryophytes

Of a cardiovascular system, any of the large-diameter vessels that lead back to the heart. Of leaves, a vascular bundle threading through photosynthetic tissue

Type of cell in xylem, dead at maturity; its wall becomes part of a water-conducting vessel

A lipid with long-chain fatty acids attached to an alcohol other than glycerol

Of vascular plants, a complex tissue that conducts water and solutes through tubes of interconnected walls of cells that are dead at matu