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Anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
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Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
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Antihistone antibodies
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
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Anti-IgG antibodies
Rheumatoid arthritis
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Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
1° biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
Vasculitis (c-ANCA: Wegener's; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome)
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Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
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Antiplatelet antibodies
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) (bleeding diathesis)
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
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Anti-transglutaminase/antigliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
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Azurophilic granular needles in leukemic blasts
Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia: especially the promyelocytic type)
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"Bamboo spine" on x-ray
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
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Bloody tap on LP
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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"Boot-shaped" heart on x-ray
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
Actinomyces israelii
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Bronchogenic apical lung tumor
Pancoast's tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
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"Brown" tumor of bone
Hemorrhage (hemosiderin) causes brown color of osteolytic cysts. Due to:
- 1. Hyperparathyroidism
- 2. Osteitis fibrosa cystica
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Cariomegaly with apical atrophy
Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
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"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
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Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
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Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (CFTR mutation in Caucasians resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
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Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
Tabes dorsalis (3° syphilis)
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
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Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
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Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"Owl's eye" appearance of CMV
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
"Orphan Annie" eye nuclei (papillary carinoma of thyroid)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
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Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
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Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Rabies virus (Lyssavirus)
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Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
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Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions ("owl's eye")
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
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Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
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"Hair-on-end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
β-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (extramedullary hematopoiesis)
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hCG elevated
Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
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Heart nodules (inflammatory)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
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Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals; eosinophilic granules)
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High level of D-dimers
DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
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Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon focus (1° TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
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"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray
Interstitial fibrosis
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12, folate deficiency)
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Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (HbF sometimes present)
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Increased α-fetoprotien in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
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Increased uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
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Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or yellow fever)
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Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma)
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Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
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Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
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"Lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b)
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Lytic ("hole-punched") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
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Mammary gland ("blue-domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
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Monoclonal antibody spike
1. Multiple myeloma (called the M protein; usually IgG or IgA)
2. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
3. Waldenstrom's (M-protein=IgM) macroglobulinemia
4. Primary amyloidosis
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Monoclonal globulin protein in blood/urine
Bence Jones proteins (multiple myeloma [kappa or lambda Ig light chains in urine]), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM)
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Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
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Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium radiograph
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
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Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (hyperuricemia)
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Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
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"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
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"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
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Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
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Podocyte fusion on EM
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
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Polished, "ivory-like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
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Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease and CJD)
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Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
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RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
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Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
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Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
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Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate)
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Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
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Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells ("starry sky" appearance on histology)
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV)
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Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's)
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"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
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"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" endothelial deposits
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
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Stacks of red blood cells
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
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Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
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"Tennis-racket"-shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
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Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
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"Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray
Epiglottis (Haemophilus influenzae)
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Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
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"Tram-track" appearance on LM
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
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WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell, affects the elderly)
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"Wire loop" glomerular appearance on LM
Lupus nephropathy
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Yellow CSF
Xanthochromia (subarachnoid hemorrhage)
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