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___________ ________ is the creation of offspring by a single parent, without sperm or egg; cloning.
Asexual reproduction
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Asexual reproduction is
the creation of offspring by a single parent, without sperm or egg; cloning.
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These are examples of________ ______:
- Offspring are identical to the original cell or organism.
- All genes are inherited from 1 parent
Asexual reproduction
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A _______ cell has a single set of chromosomes.
haploid
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A _________ cell has 2 sets of chromosomes.
diploid
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A _______ is a diploid fertilized egg that results from the union of a sperm cell nucleus and an egg cell nucleus.
zygote
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______ ______ is the creation of offspring by the fusion of 2 haploid sex cells (gametes: haploid egg & sperm cells) that form a diploid zygote.
Sexual reproduction
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_________: haploid egg & sperm cells
gametes
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_________ _______ produces offspring with unique combinations of genes
Sexual reproduction
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_______ ________Offspring are similar to parents, but show variations in traits
sexual reproduction
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________ ________ Genes are inherited from 2 parents in uniqu
Sexual reproduction
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People manipulate sexual reproduction in ________ ________ of domestic plants and animals to try to exploit wanted traits and then minimize variation to fix those wanted traits.
selective breeding
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All domestic dogs are ______ ______ sbsp. familiaris.
Canis lupus
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All domestic dogs are Canis lupus sub species. _______.
familiaris
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Cells arise only from ________ ________
pre-existing cells
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4 Examples of reasons for asexual cell division
- Reproduction of an entire single-celled organism
- Growth of a multicellular organism
- Growth from a fertilized egg into an adult
- Repair and replacement of cells in an adult
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Reason for sexual cell division:
- Sperm and egg production
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Prokaryotes (bacteria & archaea) reproduce by ________ _______(asexual reproduction).
binary fission
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_________ ________ means “dividing in half”: 2 identical cells arise from one cel
Binary fission
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Binary fission means “dividing in half”: 2 identical cells arise from one cell
Explain the 3 step process:
1. A single circular chromosome duplicates, and the copies begin to separate from each other.
2. The cell elongates, and the chromosomal copies separate further.
3. The plasma membrane grows inward at the midpoint to divide the cells
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Binary fission visual 3 step process:
1.Duplication of chromosomeand separation of copies
2. Continued elongation of thecell and movement of copies
3. Division into two daughter cells
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_______ cells have more chromosomes and therefore more genes than prokaryotic cells.
Eukaryotic
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Like_______ cells, the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells duplicate with each cell division
prokaryotic
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of ________ = DNA + proteins
chromatin
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________ duplicate early in the division process
Chromosomes
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To prepare for division, the ________ becomes highly compact, and the chromosomes are visible with a microscope
chromatin
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Each chromosome appears as two _______ ________, containing identical DNA molecules
sister chromatids
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Sister chromatids are joined at the ________, a narrow region.
centromere
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Humans have ___ # of chromosomes that must divide with every cell cycl
46
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The _____ ______ is an ordered sequence of events for cell division
cell cycle
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2 stages of the cell cycle:
1) Interphase: duplication of cell contents; growing stage3 subphases of InterphaseG1 (1st Gap) - growth; increase in cytoplasmS (synthesis of DNA) - duplication of chromosomesG2 (2nd Gap) - growth: preparation for division
2) Mitotic Phase: division 2 subphases of the Mitotic PhaseMitosis - division of the nucleus & its contentsCytokinesis - division of cytoplas
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___________: duplication of cell contents; growing stage
Interphase
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______ ________: division (phase in the cell cycle)
Mitotic Phase
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3 subphases of Interphase
G1 (1st Gap) - growth; increase in cytoplasm
S (synthesis of DNA) - duplication of chromosomes
G2 (2nd Gap) - growth: preparation for division
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2 subphases of the Mitotic Phase
Mitosis - division of the nucleus & its contents
Cytokinesis - division of cytoplasm
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Most of the cell cycle (~90%) is spent in _______ (the growing stage).
Interphase
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The remainder of the cell cycle (~10%) is spent in the ______ _______ (the division stage).
Mitotic Phase
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Mitosis progresses through a series of 5 stages.
- Prophase
- Prometaphase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophas
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________ often overlaps telophas
Cytokinesis
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________ produce the mitotic spindle, which is a football-shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the 2 sets of daughter chromosomes
Centrosomes
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Centrosomes produce the _____ ______, which is a football-shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of the 2 sets of daughter chromosomes
mitotic spindle
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Prophase:
In the cytoplasm:Microtubules emerge from centrosomes, forming the _______ ____.In the nucleus:Chromosomes coil and become compact
mitotic spindle
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Prometaphase:
Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to _______ of sister chromatids & move chromosomes to the center of the cell.
centromeres
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Stage 2 Mitotic PhaseMetaphase 3 parts:
Mitotic spindle is fully formed.
Chromosomes align at the cell equator.
Sister chromatids face opposite poles of the spindle.
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Stage 2 Mitotic PhaseAnaphase (3 parts)
Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres.
Daugher chromosomes are moved to opposite poles of the cell.
The cell elongates due to lengthening of the microtubules
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Stage 2 Mitotic PhaseTelophase 4 steps:
The cell continues to elongate.
The nuclear envelope forms aroundchromosomes at each pole, establishingdaughter nuclei.
Chromatin uncoils.
The mitotic spindle disappears
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Stage 2 Mitotic Phase Telophase& Cytokines what is Cytokinesis 1 step:
Cytoplasm is divided into separate cells
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