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Normocytic:
- -Normal Size Cell
- -Normocytic-Normochromic anemia: chronic disease, hypothyroidism, chronic inflammation, neoplasia
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Macrocytic:
- -Large Size Cells
- -Usually regenerative becauce young RBC's are larger
- -Reticulocytosis in regenerative anemia
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Microcytic:
- -Small Size Cells
- -Iron dificiency anemia, chronic blood loss
- -Asian Breeds
- -May e associated with bone marrow disease
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Normochromic
Nomal Color/ Hb
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Hypochromic
- Diminished Color/ Hb
- -usually pale with increased central pollor
- -Reticulocytosis= Macrocytic hypochromic Anemia
- -Iron Deficiency= Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia
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Erthrocyte Index
- -Values reflect cells size and hemoglobin concentration and helps classify anemias
- -Calulated by 3 values from CBC: Hemoglobin, RBC Count, PCV
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Hemoglobin Concentration
- -A measure of the total amount of hemoglobin per unit of blood
- -Measured as g/dl
- -cen be done manually but subject to error
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MCV:
- Mean Corpuscular Volume
- -Average volume of a RBC
- -Calculated from PCV and RBC Count
- -Now done electronically by cell counter
- -Classify as normo/micro/macrocytic
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MCHC
- Mean Corpusular Hemoglobin Concentration
- -Concentration of hemoglobin in the average RBC
- -Calculated by Hb councentration and PCV
- -Cassify as Normo/hypochromic
-
MCV Calculation
- Now this is done electronicly but...
- PCV/RBC Concentration*10=MCV
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MCHC Calculation
- MCHC(g/dl)= HB(g/dl)*100/PCV
- -Mostanimals- 30-40 g/dl
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Hemoglobin Calculation
- PCV/3=Hemoglobin
- -Estimiate
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In healthy animals daily production of new RBC production equals what?
Daily loss due to age
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Anemias result from an increase of one of 3 things:
Increased loss, increased destruction, increased production
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Anemia
- -Common abnormal finding in sm. animal
- -Eguals a decrease in functional RBC
- -Low PCV, total RBC, and/or Hb
- -Lack of function->lack of O2 carrage
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Clinical Signs of Anemia
- -Pale mm
- -Loc CRT
- -Lethargy
- -Rapid Respiration
- -Ralid shallow pulses
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Regenerative=
Non-Regenerative=
- -Regenerative the body is trying
- -Non-regenerative the body/bone marrow no responding
-
Regenerative Anemia simply put
- -Increaced production and releasing immature RBC's
- -Bone Marrow is working to keep up
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Regenerative Anemia Secondary to Hemolysis:
- -Polychromatphils
- -Anisocytosis
- -Reticulocytes
- -nRBC's
- -Howell-Jolly Bodies and/or Heinz Bodies
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Regenerative Anemia Secondary to Blood Loss:
- -24-72 hours for body to respond
- -Anisocytosis
- -Polychromasia (Wright's Stain)
- -Reticulocytes (New Meth Blue Stain)
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What stain is the best to determine reticulocyte count?
New Methylene Blue
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Regenerative Reticulocyte Count
- More than 80,000/ul in dogs
- More than 60,000/ul in cats
- Peak count 4-8 days after onset
- often >300,000
-
Non-Regenerative Reticulocyte Count
- Less than 80,000/ul in dogs
- Less than 60,000/ul in cats
- Bone Marrow just not responding
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How do we test the Bone Marrow?
Bone Marrow Aspirate
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Bone Marrow Hypoplasia Indicates
- -Inflammation
- -Chronic Disease
- -Renal Disease
- -Primary Bone Disease
- -Chemotherapeutic Agents
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Bone Marrow Hyperplasia-
w/ Ineffective Erythropoiesis
- -Nutritional (iron, Vit C or Copper)
- -FeLV
- -Drug toxicity
- -Lead poisoning->defect in the cytoplasm formation
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What are the 3 terms that describe cell SIZE?
- -Normocytic
- -Microcytic
- -Macrocytic
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What are the 2 terms that describe Hemoglobin Concentration?
- -Normochromic
- -Hypochromic
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What are some causes of Anemia?
Hemorrhage/ Blood Loss, Blood Parasite, bacteria, virus, Hemolysis, Toxins, Neoplasia
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Secondary to Acute Hemorrhage:
- -Injury
- -Surgery
- -Pcv, Crt may not respond quickly enough to give accurate assessment
- -> 30-40% loss-> hypovolemic, shock, and death
-
Secondary to Chronic Hemorrhage:
- -Gastric Ulcer
- -Bleeding Tumor
- -Secondary to Bleeding Disorder (ex. ITP/vWB)
- -
-
Secondary to Blood Parasite:
- -Haemobartonella felis
- -Babesia canis/ bovis/ bigemina gibsoni
- -Ehrlichia
- -AnaplasmamMarginale/ ovis
-
-
Secondary to Bacteria:
Leptospirosis- esp. in cattle, pigs, and sheep
-
Secondary to Hemolysis:
- -Blood Parasite
- -Toxin/ Medication
- -Immune Mediated Disorder
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Secondary to Toxins:
- -Heinz Body Anemia (Onion, garlin, aspirin)
- -Warfarin
- -Acetaminophen
-
Secondary to Neoplasia:
- -Leukemia
- -Lymphosarcoma
- -Hemangiosarcoma
-
nRBC Responce:
- -<4 nRBC's/ 100 WBC's normal
- -Appropriate: Regenerative Responce->elevated reticulocytes
- ~High nRBC's+High Retic=App
- -Inappropriate: >5nRBC's/100 WBC w/o polychromasia
- ~Diseases such as Cushing's, FeLV, Lead Toxicity, Splenic Disease/ Removal
-
The Reticulocyte Count is an estamated number of what?
- Immature Erythrocytes in the Blood
- ~used to classify as regenerative/non-regenerative
-
Reticulocytes:
- -Immature RBC's
- -Contain an irregular net-like structure call Reticulum(RNA) in the cytoplasm
- -Regenerative Responce
- ~1% or lessin dogs, <1% in cats, 0% ruminants
- -Horses will not show with anemia!!
-
Staining Reticulocytes:
- -Supravital Staining~ stained while cells are still alive
- -Stains used are New Methylene Blue, Brilliant Crystal Blue, Nile Blue Sulfate
- -counted as reticulocytes/ 1000 RBC
-
What are the 2 forms of Reticulocytes?
Aggregate and Punctate
-
Aggregate Reticulocytes:
- -Contain large Clumps of reticulum (RNA)
- -Seen in most species
-
Punctate Reticulocytes:
- -Unique in cats
- -Contain 2-8 samll, single basophilic granules
- -Not a lot of granules
-
How can you express the Reticulocyte Count?
- -Percentage (most common)
- -Absolute Number/ul
- -Corrected % (correct for degree of anemia)
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Reticulocyte % Calculation
- %=# of Retics*100/1000RBC
- -0-1% normally
-
Corrected Reticulocyte % Calculation
Corrected retic%= retic %*patient PCV/normal PCV
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Absolute Number Calculation
Absolulte#=%*RBC/100
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