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avoidance behavior
Behavior that occurs before the aversive stimulus is presented and therefore prevents its delivery.
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contrived reinforcers
Reinforcers that have been deliberately arranged to modify a behavior; they are not a typical consequence of the behavior in that setting.
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discriminative stimulus (S squared d)
A stimulus in the presence of which responses are reinforced and in the absence of which they are not reinforced.
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discriminative stimulus for extinction (S squared delta)
A stimulus that signals the absence of reinforcement.
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discriminative stimulus for punishment
A stimulus that signals that a response will be punished.
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escape behavior
A behavior that results in the termination of an aversive stimulus.
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extrinsic reinforcement
The reinforcement provided by a consequence that is external to the behavior, that is, an extrinsic reinforcer.
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generalized (or generalized secondary) reinforcer
A type of secondary reinforcer that has been associated with several other reinforcers.
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intrinsic reinforcement
Reinforcement provided by the mere act of performing the behavior; the performance of the behavior is inherently reinforcing.
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law of effect
As stated by Edwin L. Thorndike (1874-1949), the proposition that behaviors that lead to a satisfying state of affairs are strengthened or "stamped in," while behaviors that lead to an unsatisfying or annoying state of affairs are weakened or "stamped out."
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natural reinforcers
Reinforcers that are naturally provided for a certain behavior; that is, they are a typical consequence of that behavior within that setting.
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negative punishment
The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.
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negative reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.
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operant behavior
A class of emitted responses that result in certain consequences; these consequences, in turn, affect the future probability or strength of those responses.
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operant conditioning
A type of learning in which the future probability of a behavior is affected by its consequences.
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positive punishment
The presentation of a stimulus (one that is usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.
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primary reinforcer (or unconditioned reinforcer)
An event that is innately reinforcing.
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punisher
An event that (1) follows a behavior and (2) decreases the future probability of that behavior.
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reinforcer
An even that (1) follows a behavior and (2) increases the future probability of that behavior.
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secondary reinforcer (or conditioned reinforcer)
An event that is reinforcing because it has been associated with some other reinforcer.
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shaping
The gradual creation of new operant behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to that behavior.
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three-term contingency
The relationship between a discriminative stimulus, an operant behavior, and a reinforcer or punisher.
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