Patho Exam 2

too little Na+

• 1. increase hypostatic pressure
• 2. decrease capillary osmotic
• 3. increased interstitial osmotic pressure
• 4. decreased protein in the plasma

muscle problems=heart problems

decreased Mg leads to decreased K. Must fix decreased Mg first or K will never fix

decreased pH of blood

Acid is turned into H2CO3 (bicarb) and converted into C02. C02 is only let out thru lungs.

ketoacidosis. The body produces more acid. Not necessarily acidemia but a change in the pH of blood...which is very bad

Sphincters in upper GI.

didn't happen. Just didn't grow an arm

started but then stopped before done. Arm stopped growing at elbow

Reaches fully developed but then shrinks.

increase in cell size

increase in cell number.Normally occurs in breast and calluses

cells begin to change and act like other cells

New cell growth. Can be CA but maybe not. describes as abnormal cell growth or tumors.

growths, lumps, or swelling. sign of inflammation. don't have to be cancerous, and cancer doesn't have to have tumors

abnormal, unregulated cell growth

breakdown in control of cellular growth.

not necessarily dangerous. used more in the predicted outcome. don't spread to different areas. inclosed.

cancer in epithilioid cells

cancer in cell from supporting tissues. muscles, bone and other connective tissue

carcinomas- epithelial cells constantly have to be replaced, makes it much easier for CA

have a much higher tendency to spread.

move to a secondary location and cause tumors to grow

keeps secondary tumors from growing. if cut out may cause a bunch of other tumors to suddenly pop up

lungs

lymphnodes

liver

development of CA. Has to do with cellular replication

normal gene that might become cancer. very good at telling cells to grow.

keeps cells from growing too much

protooncogenes gone bad. something damaged the gene.

• 1. point mutations
• 2. gene amplification (too many genes being produced)
• 3. chromosomal rearrangements (chunks of chromos getting stuck together)-might be CA or fetal death
• 4. insertion of viral genomes

tumor suppressor gene. codes for a protein which soaks up transcription factors. keeps transcription from happening too much

tumor suppressor gene. very common gene defect in CA normally inhibits cells from going through cell cycle

breast CA. women with one or both have much higher probability of breast and ovarian CA

making millions of copies each day. fix errors, when there is a problem with these genes the errors never get fixed.

cancer cells look different than other cells makes it easier to detect

way too much. doesnt just go to place needed goes to whole body.

antibodies involved in most allergic reactions. binds to antigen and stimulates others to come

hives

comes and goes

hyperinflated chest

B-adrenergic innervation of bronchioles. (receptors in flight/fight response) this is why b-agonist are helpful in some pt.

• 1. b-agonist inhalants
• 2. drugs that prevent mast cells from releasing histamine
• 3. blockers of acetylcholine receptors
• 4. leukotriene

person has a type I response (lotsa IgE) and has symptoms in other areas of the body

illness due to circulation immune complexes. occurs when lotsa ag introduced. ab sticks to and deposits somewhere (kidneys, blood vessel walls, etc.)

CD4 cell (t helper cell), makes immune response not very helpful cells appear to commit suicide when infected with HIV. therefore no immune system

• 1. when CD4 cells are lower than 200
• 2. or presence of indicator condition (TB, invasive cervial CA, pneumonia (recurrent), or kaposi sarcoma)

large RBC's cells supposed to divide and don't still norm Hgb

small cells with less color (decreased hgb)

• 1. bleeding
• 2. hemolysis (something causes RBC to die too fast)
• 3. Malaria (infection of RBC's causes them to be cleared by spleen)

• 1. leukemias
• 2. lymphomas
• 3. multiple myelomas
• 4. chemicals
• 5. radiation

stem cells don't work properly not producing enough RBC's

too many RBC's, increases blood volume and viscosity. fix by drinking.

lymph cells in the periphery. reproducing away from the bone marrow.

• 1. lymphocytic- malignant transformation of stem cell
• 2. myelocytic- malignant tranformation of granulocyte cell

• 1. hodgkin's just know what it's going to do next
• 2. non-hodgkins unpredictable..everything else

kidneys can get rid of any acid except carbonic. bicarb goes into urine and h follows. bicarb reabsorbed into blood leaving h to pee. getting rid of acid

too much HCO3

too much CO2

too little HCO3

too little CO2

ABG show low bicarb, hyperventilation will try to compensate

too much carbonic acid, ABG will have too much CO2 (lungs not doing very good job), compensation via renal excretion of acid

loss of lots of non-carbonic acid (could be an increase in bicarb or decrease in non-carbonic acid or both; also maybe too much bicarb ingestion i.e. antacids (rolaids--mag), also loss of stomach acid-vomiting); plasma bicarb is increased, hypoventalation will try to compensate, ABG increase CO2 concentration PaCO2

from hyperventilation PaCO2 will be very low. reduction of bicarb will compensate

relaxation and contraction at same time. just knows what to do.

difficulty swallowing

heartburn

weak and uncoordinated contraction in esophagus..food builds up in lower esophagus

contractions good but not coordinated. antacids may help sometimes surgery

many times due to acid coming up from esophagus

reflux disease. over long period causes Barrett's esophagus (metaplasia-looks like skin)

hormone produced by g-cells (stomach, pancreas and duodenum)

tells alkaline to come (secretin) when detects acid in the intestine

chole (bile-from cholesterol), cysto (bladder) kinin (activator). causes pancreas to release digestive enzymes and tells nervous system full (satiety sense)

20% of all ulcers. weakening of mucosal barrier. from aspirin, ETOH, bacteria, other. tx: coating meds or surgery

80% of all peptic ulcers. increased HCl and pepsins

risk of hemorrhage, gastric carcinoma increases.

a gluten in wheat causes autoimmune responce in mucosa of the sm intestine. only tx is to eliminate gluten from diet

inflammation of abdominal lining

lower GI- colon and rectum

• 1. nonspecific ulcerative colitis: involves the whole colon, inflames then goes away then comes back later
• 2. crohn's disease: inflam the entire thickness of the bowel wall appears in discrete places but can be anywhere from mouth to anus

colitis, polyps, low fiber, and other things we don't know about

liver cells and so bilirubin is soluble in water allows it to be excreted in bile

not soluble in water means liver cells not working. bili in blood gets big (jaundice, sickle cell, meds)

excess conjugated bilirubin not secreted in bile, (hep, cirrhosis, gallbladder problems