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Define: Microbiology
study of microscopic organisms
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What are the general characteristics of bacteria?
all are prokaryotic
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What are the general characteristics of archaea?
- live in extreme habitats & normal
- all are prokaryotic
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What are the general characteristics of eukaryotic organisms?
- can live almost anywhere
- grow to large sizes
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What is the general order in which the 3 domains of organisms evolved?
- 1. Bacteria
- 2. Archaea
- 3. Eukarya
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Define: pathogen
causes disease, makes you sick
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Define: infectious agent
something that makes you sick
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Define: indigenous microflora
- live on/in a healthy body
- (normal flora)
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Define: infectious disease
ingest the bacteria
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Define: microbial intoxication
ingest the poison
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Define: photosynthesis
energy of the sun produces food
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Define: decomposers
breaks down dead material
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Define: bioremediation
breaks down industrial wastes
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Define: plankton
food for small marine animals
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Define: biotechnology
mass producing biological products like protein
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Define: epidemic
a disease occuring in large numbers
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What is one contribution Antony van Leeuwenhoek gave towards microbiology?
he invented the 1st microscope
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What is one contribution Louis Pasteur gave towards microbiology?
developed vaccines, method of pasteurization
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What is one contribution Robert Koch gave towards microbiology?
- developed bacteria staining
- discovered TB
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List Koch's postulates:
- 1. microorganisms must always be found in similarly diseased animals (not healthy ones)
- 2. must be isolated from diseased animal & grown in pure culture
- 3.isolated microorganis must cause original disease when inoculated into a susceptible host
- 4. microorganism must be reisolated from experimentally affected animals
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Define: empty magnification
increasing resolving power w/ increasing magnification
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Define: simple light microscope
only one lens
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Define: compound light microscope
2 lenses
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Define: electron microscope
beams of electrons & magnets
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Define: resolution
limit to what can be seen
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What are the main differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms?
- P-no nucleus, small cells, not complex
- E- nucleus, larger cells, complex
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How do the cell walls of gram-positive & gram-negative bacteria differ?
- gram-p: thick
- gram-n: thin
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Which bacteria do not have a cell wall?
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What do gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria look like when stained?
- gram-p: blue/purple
- gram-n: red/pink
- acid-fast: red/pink
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Define: capsules
protect bacteria from immune system
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Define: slime layers
surrounds bacteria cell
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What is the function of flagella?
helps move bacteria
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What do the 4 types of flagella look like?
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What are 2 functions of pili?
- allow for attachment
- build a bridge between cytoplasm cells
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What is one function of nucleic acids?
genetic material
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What is one function of ribosomes?
make protein in the bacteria
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What is one function of cytoplasm?
- holds things in place
- contains salts, amino acids, minerals etc.
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What is one function of cytoplasmic granules?
storage
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What is one function of endospores?
protects DNA of bacteria
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Genus then species
Genus followed by species
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What does Cocci look like?
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What does bacilli look like?
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What does sprial bacteria look like?
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What does staphylococci look like?
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What does streptococcus look like?
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Define: simple stain
color what is present
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Define: differential stain
- color specific parts that are present
- gram stain/ acid fast stain
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Define: probe-mediated stain
- directed specifically to identifying an organism
- antibody/ DNA probemediated stains
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What are 3 ways to test for mobility?
- 1. motility agar
- 2. hanging drop slide
- 3. colony morphology
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What are the 4 types of form/margin of colonies look like?
 - filamentous
- irregular
- smooth
- rough
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What are the 5 types of elevation of colonies and what do they look like?
- flat, raised, convex, umbilicate, umbonate
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Define: obilgate anaerobes
no oxygen to grow
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Define: facultative anaerobes
doesn't like oxygen but can grow in it
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Define: capnophile
need 5-10% carbon dioxide to grow
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Define: obligate aerobes
need same amount of atmosphere oxygen as we do
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Define: aerotolerant aerobes
likes lower amts of oxygen
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Define: microaerophile
grows best in 5-6% oxygen
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What's the optimal temperature range for thermophilic, mesophilic, & psychrophilic organisms?
- thermophilic - 45-70
- mesophilic - 25-40
- psychrophilic - 10-20
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Define: fastidious
fussy; strict requirements to grow
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Define: pathogenicity
causes disease
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Where on the body are indigenous microflora located?
- skin
- ears & eyes
- mouth
- GI tract
- respiratory tract
- genitourinary tract
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Define: opportunistic pathogens
cause disease if someone just had surgery or was injured
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Define: biofilms
- microbes organize themselves into formations
- ex. plaque
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Define: algae
- protists
- do photosynthesis
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Define: protists
includes algae & protozoa
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Define: fungi
- fairly small & extremely large in size
- suck the life out of things
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Define: yeasts
- food prod - bread, beer
- yeast infections
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Define: molds
used produce antibiotics
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Define: lichens
- moss-like
- algae combined w/ fungus
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Define: slime molds
fungus thats really slimey
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Define: insects
arthropods
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What are 3 diseases caused by protozoans?
- malaria
- giardiasis
- african sleeping sickness
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Define: absorptive nutrition
secret digestive enzymes that break down large food molecules & absorbing the breakdown products
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Define: saprobes
feed on dead matter
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Define: parasites
feed on live matter
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Name 1 disease caused by yeast?
- athletes foot
- yeast infection
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Define: neutralism
no one benefits, just live on each other
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Define: commensalism
1 benefits other doesnt
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Define: mutualism
both benefit
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Define: parasitism
1 benefits 1 harmed
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What is a helminth?
worms
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